


Wj «* ^. • 



o" 3 "V.7^.- ^' 







# - ^ A* ^ 






tvT* .A 






















••»' A v ^u -v'V 

. •_rf5^A # - ^ 



* rO 







^v* 




AT * 
















-*- '•' , " ^* v ....^'•'■°\\*- ... "*. 







***<& 











* s v 










IIRST LESSONS 



IN 



ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION, 



EXERCISES 



ELEMENTS OF PRONUNCIATION, WORDS FOR DICTATION, 
AND SUBJECTS FOR COMPOSITION. 



By ELIZABETH ORAM. 



" Let no one despise as inconsiderable the elements of Grammar, because it may 
seem to them a matter of small importance, to show the difference between vowels 
and consonants, and make children acquainted with their organic construction. Those 
who penetrate into the innermost parts of this temple of science, will there discern 
much subtilty and refinement." 



<~k 



NEW-YORK: 

PAINE & BURGESS, 60 JOHN-STREET- 









^ ©V 



N* 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1846, 

EY ELIZABETH ORAM, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York. 



6 Sr 6 






PREFACE. 



Children are every-where taught, that they see with their 
eyes, hear with their ears, &c. Philosophers have made the 
structure of these organs the subjects of investigation, and they 
are presented as objects of study to the young ; but how few 
know any thing about the organization of the human voice ! of 
that machinery that makes the soul visible, and which forms the 
most distinguishing characteristic of man ! 

Children not only may, but ought to be taught, how they do 
that which is required of them, and that they may understand 
how they speak, as well as what they speak, these exercises 
have been prepared. 

The Grammar i3 an abstract from the best authorities, ac- 
cording to ''present national and reputable use" of those 
rules or principles which lie at the foundation of the structure 
of our language, and which may be easily comprehended by 
pupils. 

The lessons for " Dictation and Grammatical Analysis," form 
interesting reading lessons, while the exercises in the elements 
of Pronunciation, and subjects for Composition, give the or- 
thography of over ten thousand of the most important words 
in the English language, divided and accentuated according to the 
most approved standards. 



IV PREFACE. 

The Analysis and Classification of the Alphabet is new ; it is 
arranged, according to the organic construction of the English 
Language. 

By this, it will be seen, that the radical vowel sounds, are only 
three, and the radical consonant sounds seven, making altogether 
ten primitive sounds, which enter into the composition of all the 
other sounds of the language. 

The value of this Analysis and Classification for Mnemonical as- 
sociations, will be seen, by those who can use it for that purpose. 

The uniform sounds, according to the one given in the Lesson 
which precedes it, are generally placed at the commencement of 
the words, of which that sound makes a part, and exhibit the Ele- 
ments of the Language, in a more simple form, than, as the author 
believes, has ever been given. 

A few of the words are unaccented ; the proper placing of the 
accents belonging to them will serve, as a new and useful exercise 
for young people. 

Years of experience have taught, that Children can only be made 
acquainted with Language, by first teaching them, thoroughly, the 
elements of it, and then combining these according to acknowledged 
laws. 

The whole Book is intended to be written and studied by the 
Pupil, (divided into such portions as may be deemed expedient,) 
after the Dictation and Oral explanation of the Teacher; and if it 
make plain and interesting, a generally abstruse and dry subject, 
and form a manual that shall aid beginners in acquiring the 
elements of their own language, one great object of the Author 
will be obtained. 

New York, 1846. 



THE INDEX. 

Page. 
Organic Formation of the Elements of the English Language, 5 
Organic Classification of the Letters, - '- - 8 

Pure Vowels, - - - - - - 8 

Diphthongs, - - - - - 9 

Consonants, in the order of their Organic Formation, - 9 

Radical Consonant Sounds, - - •• - - 10 

Derived Consonant Sounds, - - - - - 10 

Aspirate, - - - - - -10 

Superfluous Letters, - - - - - - 10 

The number of Sounds in the English Language, - - 10 

Alphabet, according to the Organic Arrangement of the Let- 
ters, - - - - - - -11 

Compound Consonants, representing one sound, - - 12 

Compound Vowels, representing one sound, - - - 12 

Syllables, - - - - - - - 12 

Words, - - - - - - - 12 

Substantives or Nouns, - - - - - 13 

The first Sound of E, as heard in the word Ear, with Lesson, 13 
Words containing the first Sound of E, - - - 14 

Exercises on Nouns, - - - - - - 16 

Adjectives, - - - - - - -16 

The second Sound of E, as heard in the word Nests, with 

Lesson, - - - - - - -16 

Words containing the second Sound of E, - - 17 

Exercises on Adjectives, - - - - - 23 

Pronouns, - - - - - - -23 

The first sound of A, as heard in the word Babe, with Lesson, 23 
Words containing the first Sound of A, - - - 24 

Exercises on Pronouns, - - - - - 24 

Verbs, - - - - - - - 25 



THE INDEX. 

Page. 

The second Sound of A, as heard in the word Heart, with Les- 
son, - - - - - - -25 

Words containing the second Sound of A, - - -26 

Exercises on Verbs, - - - - - 26 

Adverbs, - ------ 26 

The third Sound of A, as heard in the word Ball, with Lesson, 27 
Words containing the Third Sound of A, - - - 27 

Exercises on Adverbs, - - - - - 28 

Prepositions, - - - - - - -28 

The fourth Sound of A, as heard in the word Hand, with Les- 
son, - - - - - - - 29 

Words containing the fourth Sound of A, - - - 29 

Exercises on Prepositions, - - - - - 37 

Conjunctions, - - - - - - 37 

The first Sound of 0,as heard in the word Home, with Lesson, 38 
Words containing the first Sound of O, - - - 38 

Exercises on Conjunctions, - - - - - 39 

Articles, - - - - - - -40 

The second Sound of O, as heard in the word Broom, with 

Lesson, - - - - - 40 

Words containing the second Sound of O, - - 41 

Exercises on the Articles, - - - - - 41 

Interjections, - - - - - -41 

The third Sound of O, as heard in the word Fork, with Lesson, 41 
Words containing the third Sound of O, - - - 42 

Exercises upon Interjections, - - - - 42 

Common and Proper Nouns, - - - - 43 

The fourth Sound of O, as heard in the word Clock, with 

Lesson, - - - - - - 43 

Words containing the fourth Sound of O, - - 44 

Exercises on Common Nouns, - - - - 45 

Gender, - - - - - - -45 

Diphthongs, - - - - - - - 46 

The first Sound of I, as heard in the word Hive, with Lesson, 40 
Words containing the first Sound of 1", - - - 47 

Exercises on the Gender of Nouns, - 47 

Number, - - - - - . -48 

4 



THE 1 N .1) E X . 

Page 

The second Sound of 7, as heard in the word Indian, with 

Lesson, - - - - - - 48 

Words containing the second Sound of J, - - 49 

Exercises on the Number and Person of Nouns, - - 63 

Case, - - - - - - - 63 

Words containing the second Sound of £7, as heard in the word 

Lute, with Lesson, - - - - - 64 

Words containing the first Sound of U, - - - 65 

Exercises on the Cases of Nouns, - - - -65 

Degrees of Comparison, - - - - - 65 

The second Sound of U, as heard in the word Church, with 

Lesson, - - . - - - - 66 

Words containing the second Sound of U, - - 67 

Exercises on the Degrees of Comparison, - - - 74 

Pronouns, - - - - -- -74 

The Diphthong 01, as heard in the word Boy, with Lesson, 76 

Words containing the Diphthong Oh - ' - 78 

Exercises on Pronouns, - " " - - 79 

Adjective Pronouns, - - * - - 79 

The Diphthong O U, as heard in the word House, with Lesson, 79 

Words containing the Diphthong OU, - - - 80 

Exercises on Adjective Pronouns, - - - 82 

Active, Passive, and Neuter Verbs, - - - - 82 

The Sound Ch, as heard in the w T ord Churn, with Lesson, - 83 

Words containing the Sound of Ch, - - - - 84 

Exercises on Verbs, - - - - - - 86 

Moods, - - 86 

The Sound SA, as heard in the word Ship, with Lesson, - 87 

Words containing the Sound of Sh, - - - - 88 

Exercises on the Moods of Verbs, - - - - 91 

Tense, - - - - - - - - 91 

The Sound Zh, as heard in the word Asia, with Lesson, - 91 

Words containing the Sound of Zh, - - - - 93 

Exercises on the Tenses of Verbs, - - - - 93 

Tense continued, - - - - - - 93 

The Sound Ng, as heard in the word King, with Lesson, - 94 

Words containing the Sound of Ng, - - - - 95 

5 



THE INDEX. 

Pa?e 

Exercises on the Tenses, - - - - - 95 

Participles, - - - - - --96 

The Sound of Th sharp, as heard in the word Truth, with 

Lesson, - - - - - - -96 

Words containing the sharp Sound of Th, - - 97 

Exercises on the Participles, ----- 100 

Number and Person of Verbs, - 100 

Conjugation of Verbs, ----- 101 

The Sound Th flat, as heard in the word Mother, with Lesson, 101 
Words containing the flat sound of Th, -, 103 

Exercises on the Number and Person of Verbs, - - 103 

Auxiliary Verbs, ------ 104 

The Verb, To Be, - - - - - - 104 

The Sound of P, as heard in the word Printing, with Lesson, 106 
Words containing the Sound of P, - - - 108 

Exercises on the Verb, To Be, - - - - 117 

The Verb, To Have, 117 

The Sound B, as heard in the word Book, with Lesson, - 120 
Words containing the Sound of B, - - - - 122 

Exercises on the Verb, To Have, - 127 

Regular Verbs, - - - - - - 128 

The Verb, To Love, - - - - - 128 

The Sound M, as heard in the word Moon, with Lesson, - 130 
W T ords containing the Sound M, - - - - 131 

Exercises on Regular Verbs, - 137 

Irregular Verbs, - - - - - -138 

The Sound F, as heard in the word Flowers, with Lesson, - 140 
Words containing the Sound of F, - - - - 141 

Exercises upon Irregular Verbs, - 149 

Defective Verbs, __-,-- 149 

The Sound V, as heard in the word Violin, with Lesson, - 150 
Words containing the Sound V, - - - -151 

Exercises upon the Auxiliaries, - - - - 153 

Adverbs, ------- 154 

The sound T, as heard in the word Tea, with Lesson, - 154 

Words containing the Sound T, 155 

Exercises on Adverbs, - - - - - 161 

ft 



THE INDEX, 

Page 

Prepositions, - - - - - - -161 

The Sound D, as heard in the word Diamond, with Lesson, 162 
Words containing the Sound D, 163 

Exercises on Prepositions, - 169 

Conjunctions, ------ \qq 

The Sound JV, as heard in the word Number, with Lesson, - 169 
Words containing the Sound N, 171 

Exercises on Conjunctions, ----- 173 

Articles, ------- 173 

The Sound L, as heard in the word Library, with Lesson, - 174 
Words containing the Sound L, 175 

Exercises upon the Articles, - 179 

Interjections, - - - -- - -179 

The Sound i?, as heard in the word Rocking, with Lesson. - 179 
Words containing the Sound R, - - - - 180 

Exercise upon Interjections, ----- 185 

Sentences, ------- 185 

The Sound S, as heard in the word Soul, with Lesson, - 186 

Words containing the Sound S, 187 

General Exercise, ------ 194 

Syntax, * - - - - - - 194 

Rules I, II, and III. - - - - - - 194 

The Sound Z, as heard in the word Zoophytes, with Lesson, 195 
Exercises on Sentences, - 195 

Words containing the Sound Z, 196 

Exercises on the above Rules, - 196 

Rules IV and V, - - - - - 196 

The Sound of J, as heard in the word Jerusalem, with Lesson, 197 
Words containing the Sound of J, - - - 198 

Exercises on the above Rules, - 199 

Rule VI, - - - - - - 199 

The Sound of K, as heard in the word Kremlin, with Lesson, 200 
Words containing the Sound JT, > - - ~ - 200 

Exercise upon the above Rule, - - - - 201 

Rules VII and VIII, - 201 

The Sound of G, as heard in the word Glass, with Lesson, 202 
Words containing the Sound G, - - - 203 

7 



t H B i N B I * 

Paft 

Exercises upon the above Rules, - 20-1 

Kulo IX. - - 805 

The Sound V consonant, aa heard in Year, with Lesson, - 905 
Words containing the Sound V, 806 

Rules X and XI, - - - - - 8W 

The Sound Of W consonant, as heard in the word 'Wealth, 

with Lesson, - - - - - - k J0> 

Words containing the Sound of W % - - - -00/ 

Exercises on the above Rules, - 810 

Roles Xll. Xlll. and XIV. - - 8*0 

The Sound or Aspiration IT, as heard in the word Hiero- 

glyphios, with Lesson, - - - - - Oil 

Words containing the Sound of 27, - - - ■ 811 

Exercise upon the Rules, ----- %1& 

Ub% of Capital Letters, - - - ir> 

Punctuation^ ------- 017 

Comma, ------- 917 

Semieolon, - - - -"- - -CIS 

Colon. 816 

Period, 218 

Note of Interrogation, - - - - - ois 

Note oi Exclamation, - - - - -CIS 

Kxereisos on Punetuation, ----- 219 

Appendix, 
The Formation of the Plural Number of Nouns, - - 881 

The Formation of the Gender of Nouns, - - -000 



9 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



ORGANIC FORMATION OF THE ELEMENTS OF 
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



An articulate sound is the sound of the human voice, 
formed by the organs of speech. 

Speech is made up of articulate sounds, and what we 
call articulation is performed by the action of the throat, 
palate, teeth, tongue, and lips. 

A letter is the first principle, or least part of a word. 

The letters of the English language, called the English 
Alphabet, are 26 in number. 

The simplest articulate voices, or sounds, are those which 
proceed from an open mouth, without any alteration in the 
position, or any motion of the organs of speech, from the 
moment the sound commences, until it ends : as E, A, O, 
which are pure vowel sounds. 

When these sounds, in passing through the mouth, are 
interrupted or intercepted, a consonant, or sound with an- 
other sound, is formed : as, eb, ad, on, &c. 

P and B are formed by closing the lips, until the breath 
is collected, and then letting it issue, by forming e : as, be,pe. 

F and V are formed by pressing the upper teeth upon the 
under lip, and sounding the vowel e before the former, and 
after the latter : as, ef, ve. 
1* 



D GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

T and D are formed by pressing the tip of the tongue to 
the gum of the upper teeth, and then separating them, by 
pronouncing the letter e: as, te, de. 

S and Z are formed by placing the tongue in the same 
position as T and D, but riot so close to the gums as to stop 
the breath ; a space is left between the tongue and the 
palate for the breath to issue, which forms the hissing and 
buzzing sounds of these letters : as, es, zed. 

Sh, as heard in mission, and sh in evasion, are formed 
in the same seat of sound as S and Z, but in the former 
the tongue is drawn a little inward, and at somewhat greater 
distance from the palate, which occasions a fuller emission 
of the breath from the hollow of the mouth than in the latter, 
which are formed nearer the teeth. 

Th in think, and- the same letter in that, are formed by 
protruding the tongue between the fore teeth, pressing it 
against them, and at the same time endeavouring to sound 
the S or Z; the former to sound th, as in think, and the 
latter to sound th as in that. 

K and G hard, are formed by pressing the middle of the 
tongue to the roof of the mouth near the throat, and sepa- 
rating them quickly, to form the first, and more gently to 
form the last of these letters. 

Ch in chair, and J in jail, are formed by pressing t to sh, 
and d to zh. 

Mis formed by closing the lips, as in P and B, and letting 
the voice issue by the nose. 

N is formed by resting the tongue in the same position, 
as in T and D, and breathing through the nose, with the 
mouth open. 

L is formed by nearly the same position of the organs as 
T or D, but more with tfce tip of the tongue, which is 
brought a little forward to the teeth, while the breath issues 
from the mouth. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 7 

i2 is formed by placing the tongue in nearly the same 
position as T, but at such a distance from the palate, as 
suffers it to jar against it, when the breath is propelled from 
the throat to the mouth. 

Ng in ring and sing, &c, is formed in the same seat of 
sound as hard G, but while the middle of the tongue presses 
the roof of the mouth, as in (?, the voice passes principally 
through the nose, as in N. 

Y consonant is formed by placing the organs in the same 
position as long e, and squeezing the tongue against the 
roof of the mouth, which produces ee, which is equivalent 
to y : as, ee-outh. 

W is formed by placing the organs in the position of oo, 
and closing the lips a little more, in order to propel the 
breath upon the succeeding vowel, which it articulates : as, 
oo-ater. 

QUESTIONS. 

What is an articulate sound ? 

What is speech made up of? 

How is articulation performed ? 

What is a letter ? 

What are the letters of the English language called ? 

How many are they in number ? 

How are the simplest articulate sounds made ? 

Which are they ? 

What are they called ? 

How is a consonant formed ? 

Which are the consonants ? 

How are P and B formed ? 

F and V ? 

T and D ? 

S and Z ? 

Sh and Zh ? 



b GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION 

How are Th sharp and th flat formed ? 
K and G ? 
Ch and J ? 
M? 
N? 
L? 
R? 
NG? 

Y consonant ? 
W consonant ? 

ORGANIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE LETTERS OF THE ENGLISH 
LANGUAGE. 

Those which are formed by the lips are called Labials, 
by the teeth Dentals, 

by the palate Palatal, 

by the nose Nasal, 

by the throat Guttural. 

VOWELS. 

Different Sounds of the pure Vowels, E, A, O. 
E has two sounds, 1 as heard in me, scene, &c. 

2 in met, let, &c. 

A has four sounds, 1 as heard in fate, paper, &c. 

2 in far, father, &c. 

3 in fall, wall, &c. 

4 in fat, mat, &c. 
O has four sounds, 1 as heard in no, not, &c. 

2 in move, prove, &c. 

3 in nor, for &c. 

4 in not, got, hot, &c. 

10 Vowel sounds. 
Some of these coalesce, and form what grammarians call 
diphthongs, or the union of two vowel sounds in one syllable. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. \t 

DIPHTHONGS. 

M form I, as heard in pine, title, &c, or pin, tittle, &c. 

E and the third sound of O, form XJ, as heard in bull, full, 

or U as in tub, 
or U as in tube. 

O, as heard in nor, and I in pin, form the sound oi in voice. 

as heard in nor, and U in pull, form the sound ou in 
house. 

QUESTIONS. 

Which letters are Labials ? 

Dentals ? 

Palatals ? 

Nasals ? 

Gutturals ? 
How many sounds has the letter E ? 

A? 
O? 
What is the number of vowel sounds ? 
What is a diphthong ? 
How many are there ? 

CONSONANTS IN THE ORDER OF THEIR ORGANIC FORMATION. 

P as heard in pay ; B as heard in bay ; M as heard in 
may. 

F in fine, and V in vine. 

T in tone, D in dome, N in none, L in loam, E in roam. 
and Ng in ring. 

S in sun, Z in 2<me, Sh in shine, Zh in uiisifl, Th in think, 
Th in thine, Ch in chair, and J in ^^7. 

K in king, and G in gzm. 

Y in youth. 

W in wind. 



10 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

RADICAL CONSONANT SOUNDS. 
P. 

F. 
T. 

S. 
K. 

W. 

7 

3 Pure vowels. 

10 Radical sounds. 

DERIVATIVE CONSONANT SOUNDS. 

B, M. 
V. 

D, N, L, R, NG. 

Z, Sh, Zh, Th s, Th f, Ch. J. 
G. 

16 Consonants. 

7 Radical sounds. 
10 Vowel sounds. 

7 Diphthongal sounds. 

1 Aspirate. 

In all 41 sounds. 
C, Q, X, are superfluous letters, their sounds being repre- 
sented by other letters. 

QUESTIONS. 

Which are the radical consonant sounds ? 
How many pure vowel sounds ? 

* Y and W are consonants when they begin a word or syllable ; 
in every other combination they are vowels, and are equivalent to 
either E, I, or U. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 11 

How many radical sounds belong to the English language ? 

How many derived sounds ? 

Which letters are superfluous ? Why ? 

How many sounds belong to the English language ? 

ALPHABET ACCORDING TO THE ORGANIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE 
LETTERS. 

E. 
A. 
O. 
I. 

u. 
p. 

B. 
M. 
F. 
V. 
T. 
D. 
N. 
L. 
R. 
S. 

z. 
J. 

K. 
G. 
Y. 

W. 

H* 

C. 

Q. 
X. 

26 

* This letter is produced by forcibly breathing before the succeeding 
vowel is pronounced, and is called an Aspirate. 



12 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

COMPOUND CONSONANTS REPRESENTING ONE SOUND. 

NG. 

Sh. 
Zh. 
Ch. 
Th. s. 
Th, fl. 

COMPOUND VOWELS REPRESENTING ONE SOUND. 

oi. 

OU. 



SYLLABLES, OR PARTS OF WORDS. 

A syllable is a sound either simple or compounded, pro- 
nounced by a single impulse of the voice, and constitutes 
a word, or part of a word : as, «, an, ant. 

A word of one syllable is called a Monosyllable. 

A word of two a Dissyllable. 

A word of three a Trisyllable. 

A word of four or more a Polysyllable. 

QUESTIONS. 

Which letters are superfluous in our alphabet ? 

What is H? 

How is it produced ? 

What is a Syllable ? 

What is a Monosyllable ? 

What is a Trisyllable ? 

What is a Polysyllable ? 

WORDS. 

Words are articulate sounds, used by common consent, as 
the signs of our ideas. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 13 

SUBSTANTIVES. 

A substantive or noun is the name of any thing that ex- 
ists, or of which we have any idea : as Earthy Sky, Air, 
Peace, Hope, <^c. 

The vowel E has two sounds. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

The first sound of E. 
Ear. 
The ear is the organ of hearing ; by it we are able to dis- 
tinguish the various sounds that exist, to receive instruction 
from our teachers, and pleasure from the society of our 
friends. 

By speech we express our feelings and wants to each 
other, which would all be lost, if those we address had not 
the power of hearing. 

Deaf and dumb people, or those who are born without 
the power of speaking or hearing, are obliged to communi- 
cate with each other by signs. 

There are now institutions, or schools, where such may re- 
ceive instruction in writing, and the different branches 
of science. These privileges enable them to enjoy society 
and engage in the duties of life. 

Without hearing, all Music would be lost upon us, and 
we should be deprived of one of the greatest pleasures in 
life. 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

What are words ? 

Which words contain the first sound of E ? 
Which words are nouns ? 
2 



14 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION 



Words containing the First Sound of E, 

arranged in classes, divided and accentuated in ag? eement with the 
best authorities : being designed as Exercises in the Elements of 
the Language f with Subjects for Composition and Dictation, 

e-lec'-fcion 

e-lec'-tive 



each 

ea'-ger 

ea'-ger-ly 

ea'-ger-ness 

ea'-gle 

ea'-gle-eyed 

ea'-gle-speed 

ea'-gle-stone 

ea'-glet 

ear 

earMessr 

ear' -ring 

ear'-wit-ness 

ease 

ea'-sy 

©a/-si-Iy 

ea r -si-ness 

east 

east'-er-ly 

east'-era 

east' -ward 

eat 

eat' -en 

eaves 

eaves-drop' -per 

e-chi-nate' 

e-chi-na r -ted 

e-chi'-nus 

e-clipse' 

e-clip-tic 

e-con'-o-my 



e-den'-ta-ted 

e'-dicfc 

e'-dile 

e-di'-tion 

e-duce' 

e-duc'-tioo 

e'-en 

e'-go-tism 

e'-go-tist 

e' -got-ize 

e-gre'-gious 

e'-gress 

e-gres'-sion 

e'-gret 

e-jac'-u-Iate 

e-jaou-la'-tion 

e-jac'-a-la-to-ry 

e-ject' 

e-jec'-tion 

e-}ecf-ment 

ei'-tlier 

eke 

e-Iab'-o-rate 

e-laV-o-rate-ly 

e-lab-o-ra'-tion 

e-lapse' 

e-las'-tic 

e-las-ti'-ci-t}' 

e-]ate' 

e-la'-tion 

e-Iect 



e-lec'-tive-ly 

e-lec'-tor 

e-lec'-to-ral 

e-lec'-to-rate 

e-lec'-tre 

e-lec'-tri-cal 

e-lec'-tric 

e-lec-tri'-ci-ty 

e-lee'-tu-a-ry 

e-lev'-en 

e-lev'-enth 

e-li'-cit 

e-li'-sion 

e-lix'-er 

e-lon'-gate 

e-lon-ga r -tion 

e-lope' 

e-lope'-ment 

e-Iu'-ci- date 

e-lu-ci-da'-tior* 

e-lu'-ci-da-tor 

e-lude' 

e-lu'-di-ble 

e-In'-sion 

e-ly r -sian 

e-ma'-ci^ate 

e-ma-ci-a'-ticm 

e'-rna-nant 

e-masi'-ci-pate 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



15 



e-man-ci-pa' -tion 

e-mar' -gin-ate 

e-men'-da-ble 

e-men-da'-tion 

e-merge' 

e-mer'-gence 

e-mer'-gency 

e-mer'-sion 

e-mis'-sion 

e-mit' 

e-mor-lient 

e-mor-u-ment 

e-mo'-tion 

e-ner'vate 

e-nig'-ma 

e-nig'-ma-tist 

e-nor'-mi-ty 

e-nor'-mous 

e-nor'-mous-ly 

e-nun' -ci-ate 

e-nun -ci-a-tion 

e-nun'-ci-a-tive 

e-nun' -ci-a-ti ve-J y 

e'-pact 

e'-pha 

e-phem -e-ra 

e-phem' -e-ron 

e-phem'-e-ral 

e-phem' -er-ic 

e-phem' -er-is 

e-phem' -er-ist 

e'-qual-ness 

e-quan'-gu-lar 

e-qua-nim'-i-ty 



e-quan -l-mous 

e-qua'-tion 

e-qua'-tor 

e-qua-to'-ri-al 

e-quer'-ry 

e-ques'-tri-an 

e-qui-dis'-tant 

e-qui-form'-i-ty 

e-qui-lat'-er-al 

e-qui-li'-brate 

e-qui-li-bra' -tion 

e-qui-lib'-ri-um 

e-qui-noc'-tial 

e'-qui-nox 

e-quip' 

e-quip'-ment 

e'-qui-poise 

e-qui-pon'-der-ant 

e-quiv'-a-lent 

e-qaiv'-o-cate 

e-quiv'-o-cal 

e-quiv'-o-cal-ly 

e-ruota'-tion 

e-rup'-tive 

e-spe'-cial 

e-spous'-al 

e-spouse' 

e'-spy 

e' -squire 

e-stab'-lish-ment 

e-state' 

e-steem' 

e-steem'-er 

e-strange' 



e-ter'-nal 

e-ter'-nal-ly 

e-ter'-nity 

e-ter'-nize 

e'-ther 

e-the'-re-al 

e-vac'-u-ate 

e-vac-u-a'-tion 

e-van-es'-cent 

e-van-es'-cence 

e-van-gel'-i-cal 

e-van'-ge-list 

e-van'-gel-ize 

e-vap'-o-rate 

e-vap -o-ra-tion 

e-va'-sion 

e-va'-sive 

e-va'-sive-ly 

eve 

e'-ven-ing 

e'-ven-ness 

e-vent' 

e-vent'-ful 

e-vent' -u-al-ly 

e'-vil 

e'-vil-do-er 

e'-vil-mind-ed 

e'-vil-speak-ing 

e'-vil-work-er 

e-vince' 

e-vin'-ci-ble 

e-volve' 

ev-o-lu'tion 



16 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



EXERCISES, FOR THE PUPIL, ON NOUNS. 

Select the nouns among the foregoing words, and write 
them either singly or in composition with the words. 



ADJECTIVES. 
Adjectives express the qualities of things : as, A bright 
day, good lessons. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

The second sound of E. 
Nests. 

Nests are the cradles of birds ; they make them for their 
young. Look at them, and see how curiously they are 
formed. The mother bird has only her beak or horny mouth, 
and tail and feet to work with, and yet what a beautiful soft 
bed she has made ! She has picked up dried grass, and 
hair that has been shed by some animal, with particles of 
wool, which the bushes have robbed of the sheep. The 
Eider duck lines her nest with down plucked from her own 
bosom. A mother's love and care is thus beautifully shown 
among birds ! 

Nests are very different in their construction, and some 
Naturalists, who have written about birds, say they practice 
all kinds of trades : that some are Masons, others Wea- 
vers, Carpenters, Tailors, &c. 

When birds leave their nests, children may get them, and 
see for themselves, how much intelligence God has given to 
little birds. 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

Which words contain the second sound of E ? 
Which words are nouns ? 
Which are adjectives ? 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



17 



Words containing the Second 



earl 

earl'-dom 

ear'-ly 

ear'-li-ness 

earn' -est 

earn'-est-ly 

earn'-est-ness 

earth 

earth' -born 

earth' -en 

earth' -i-ness 

earth' -ling 

earth' -ly 

earth' -worm 

earth' -y 

eb'-o-ny 

eb -ul-li-tion 

ec-cen'-tric 

ec-cen-tri'-ci-ty 

ec-cle-si-as'-tic 

ec-cle-si-as' -ti-cal 

ec-lec'-tic 

ec-logue' 

ec-o-nom'-i-cal 

ec'-ta-sy 

ec'-ta-sied 

ec-stat'-i-cal 

ed'-dy 

edge 

ed'-ged 

edge' -less 

edge'-tool 

2* 



edge' -wise 

edg'-ing 

ed'-i-ble 

ed-i-h-ca'-tion 

ed'-i-fice 

ed'-i-fi-er 

ed'-i-fi-cer 

ed'-i-fy 

ed'-i-tor 

ed'-u-cate 

ed-u-ca'-tion 

ef-fa-ble 

ef-face' 

ef-fect' 

ef-fect'-i-ble 

ef-fect' -ive 

ef-fect' -ive-ly 

ef-fect' -or 

ef-fect' -u-al 

ef-fect'-u-al-ly 

ef-fect' -u-ate 

ef-fem'-i-na-cy 

ef-fem'-i-nate 

ef-fem -i-na-tion 

ef-fer-vesce' 

ef-fer-ves'-cence 

ef-fi-ca'-cious 

ef-fi-ca'-cious-ly 

ef-fi-ca-cy 

ef-fi'-cience 

ef-fi'-cient 

eP-fi-gy 



Souiid of E. 

ef-flo-res'-cence 

ef-flo-res'-cen-cy 

ef-fio-res'-cent 

ef-flu-ence 

ef-flu'-via 

ef'-flux 

ef-flux'-ion 

ef-force' 

ef-fort 

ef-fron'-te-ry 

ef-fulge' 

ef-ful'-gence 

ef-ful'-gent 

ef-fuse' 

ef-fu'-sion 

el' -bow 

el -bow-chair 

el' -bow-room 

eld 

el'-der 

el'-der-ly 

el'-der-ship 

el'-dest 

el-e-cam-pane' 

el-ee-mos'-y-na-ry 

el'-e-gance 

el'-e-gan-cy 

el'-e-gant 

el'-e-gant-ly 

el-e-gi'-ac 

el'-e-gy 

el'-e-ment 



18 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



el-e-men'-tal 

el-e-men'-ta-ry 

el'-e-phant 

el-e-phan'-tine 

el'-e-vate 

el-e-va'-tion 

el'-e-va-tor 

elf 

el' -fin 

elf-lock 

el-i-gi-bil'-i-ty 

el'-i-gi-ble-ness 

el-lip' -sis 

el-lip' -ti-cal 

el-lip'-tic 

el-o-cu'-tion 

el'-o-gy 

el'-o-quence 

el'-o-quent 

else 

else' -where 

elves 

el ve' -lock 

el'-vish 

em -a-nate 

em -a-na-tion 

em'-a-na-tive 

em-balm' 

em-balm' -er 

em-bar- ca'-tion 

em-bar' -go 

em-bark' 

em-bar' -rass 

em-bar' -rass -merit 



em'-bas-sy 

em-bel'-lish 

em -bez'-zle -merit 

em~bez'-zle 

em-blaze' 

em-bla'-zon 

em-bla'-zon-ry 

em'-blem 

em-ble-mat'-i-cal 

em-ble-mat'-ic 

em-blem'-a-tist 

em-boss' 

em-boss'-ment 

em'-bro-cate 

em-bro-ca'-tion 

em-broi'-der 

em-broi'-de-ry 

em'-i-grate 

em-i-gra'-tion 

em'-i-nence 

em'-i-nen-cy 

em'-i-nent 

em'-i-nent-ly 

em'-is-sa-ry 

em' -met 

em-pale' 

em-pan'-nel 

em'-pe-ror 

em' -press 

em'-pha-sis 

em-phat'-ic 

em-phat'-i-cal 

em-phat'-i-cal-ly 

em'-pire 



em-pir -ic 
em-pir' -i-cal 
em-pir' -i-cal-ly 
em-pir' -i-cism 
em-ploy' 
em-ploy' -er * 
em-ploy' -merit 
em-poi'-son 
em-poi'-son-er 
em-poi' -son-ment 
em-po'-ri-um 
en-am' -el 
en-am' -el-ler 
en-camp' 
en-camp' -ment 
en-chant' 
en-chant' -er 
en-chant' -ing-ly 
en -chant' -ment 
en-chant' -ress 
en-cir'-cle 
en-cir'-clet 
en-close' 
en-clo'-ser 
en-clo'-sure 
en-co'-mi-ast 

en-co'-mi-um 

en-com'-pass 

en-com'-pass-ment 

en-coun'-ter 

en-coun'-ter-er 

en-cour'-age 

en-cour'-age-ment 

en-cour'-a-ger 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



19 



en-croach' 

en-croach' -er 

en-croach' -merit 

en-cum'-ber 

en-cyc'-li-cal 

en-cy-clo-pe' -di-a 

end 

end'-less 

en»dan'-ger 

en-dear' 

en-dear'-ment 

en-deav'-our 

en-dem'-ic 

en-dict' 

en-dict'-ment 

end'-less-ness 

end' -most 

en-dorse' 

en-dorse' -ment 

en-dow' 

en-do w' -ment 

en-due' 

en-du' -ranee 

en-dure' 

en-du' -rer 

en-er-get'-ic 

en'-er-gy 

en-force' 

en-force-'ment 

en-for'-cer 

en-fran'-chise 

en-fran'-chise-ment 

en-gage' 

en-gage'-ment 



en f -gine 

en-gi-neer' 

en-grave' 

en-gra'-ver 

en-gross' 

en-gross' -er 

en-gross' -ment 

en-ig-mat'-i-cal 

en-ig-mat' -ic-al-ly 

en-join' 

en-join' -der 

en-join' -ment 

en-joy' 

en-joy' -er 

en-joy' -ment 

en-kin' -die 

en-large' 

en-large' -ment 

en-lar'-ger 

en-ligh'-ten 

en-li'-ven 

en-li'-ven-er 

en'-mi-ty 

en-no' -ble 

en-no' -ble-ment 

en'-qui-ry 

en-rav'-ish 

en-rav' -ish-ment 

en-rich' 

en-rich' -ment 

en-rol' 

en-rol'-ler 

en-rol' -ment 

en' -sign 



en-sign-bear' -er 

en-slave' 

en-slave' -ment 

en-sla'-ver 

en-sue' 

en-su' -ranee 

en-sure' 

en-su' -rer 

en-tan' -gle 

en-tan' -gle-ment 

en-tan' -gler 

en'-ter 

en'-ter-prise 

en'-ter-pri-ser 

en-ter-tain' 

en-ter-tain'-er 

en-ter-tain' -ment 

en-thu' -si-asm 

en-thu'-si-ast 

en-thu-si-as'-tic 

en-tice' 

en-tice'-ment 

en-ti'-cer 

en-ti'-cing-ly 

en- tire' 

en-tire'-ly 

en-tire '-ness 

en' -trance 

en-trap' 

en-trap' -per 

en-treat' 

en-treat' -y 

en-vel'-op 

en-vel-ope' 



20 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



en'-vi-a-ble 

en'-vi-ous 

en'-vi-ous-ly 

en-vi'-ron 

en-vi-rons 

en'-voy 

en'-vy 

eph'-od 

ep'-ic 

ep'-i-cure 

ep-i-cu-re -an 

ep'-i-cu-rism 

ep-i-cu-rize 

ep'-i-cy-cle 

ep-i-cy'-cloid 

ep-i-dem'-i-cal 

ep-i-dem'-ic 

e'-qui-page 

e'-qui-paged 

e'-qui-ta-ble 

e'-qui-ty 

er'-ror 

er-ro'-ne-ous-ly 

er-ro'-ne-ous 

er-u-bes'-cence 

er-u-bes'-cent 

es'-cu-lent 

es-pal'-ier 

es-say' 

es'-say 

es'-sence 

es-sen'-tial 

es-sen'-tial-ly 

es-tab'-lish 



es-tab'-lish-er 

es'-ti-ma-ble 

es-ti -mate 

es-ti-ma'-tion 

es-ti-ma'-tor 

es'-tu-a-ry 

eth'-i-cal 

eth'-i-cal-ly 

eth'-ic 

et-y-mo-lo' -gi-cal 

et-y-mol'-o-gist 

et-y-mol'-o-gy 

ev'-er 

ev -er-du-ring 

ev'-er-green 

ev -er-last-ing 

ev -er-liv-ing 

ev -er-more 

ev -er-o-pen 

ev'-e-ry 

ev'-e-ry- where 

ev'-i-dence 

ev'-i-dent 

ev'-i-dent-ly 

ev'-i-ta-ble 

ev -i-ta-tion 

ex-act' 

ex-act' -er 

ex-ac'-tion 

ex-act' -ly 

ex-act'-ness 

ex-ag'-ge-rate 

ex-ag-ger-a'-tion 

ex-alt' 



ex-al-ta'-tion 

ex-am' -en 

ex-am-i-na'-tion 

ex-am-i-na -tor 

ex-am' -ine 

ex-am' -i-ner 

ex-an'-i-mate 

ex-an-i-ma'-tion 

ex-as'-pe-rate 

ex-as'-per-a-ter 

ex-as-per-a'-tion 

ex-ca'-vate 

ex-ca-va'-tion 

ex-ceed' 

ex-ceed' -ing-ly 

ex-ceed' -ing 

ex-cel' 

ex'-cel-lence 

ex'-cel-len-cy 

ex' -eel-lent 

ex'-cel-lent-ly 

ex-cept' 

ex-cept'-ing 

ex-cep'-tion 

ex-cep' -tion-a-ble 

ex-cep'-tor 

ex-cess' 

ex-cess'-ive 

ex-cess' -ive-ly 

ex-change' 

ex-chan'-ger 

ex-cise' 

ex-cise'-man 

ex-ci-ta'-tion 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



21 



ex-cite' 

ex-cite' -ment 

ex-ci'-ter 

ex-claim' 

ex-claim' -er 

ex-cla-ma'-tion 

ex-clam' -a-to-ry 

ex-clude' 

ex-clu'-sion 

ex-clu'-sive 

ex-clu'-sive-ly 

ex-co'-gi-tate 

ex-co'-gi-ta-ble 



ex-hale' 

ex-hale'-ment 

ex-haust' 

ex-haus'-tion 

ex-haust' -less 

ex-hib'-it 

ex-hi -bi-tion 

ex-hil-a -rate 

ex-hil-a-ra -tion 

ex-hort' 

ex-hort-a'-tion 

ex-hor'-ter 

ex-ic'-cate 



ex-com-mu' -ni-ca te ex-ic-ca' -tion 
ex-com-mu'-ni-ca-bleex-ic'-ca-tive 
ex-com-mu-ni-ca'- ex'-i-gence 
ex-co'-ri-ate [tion 
ex-co-ri-a'-tion 



ex-cres -cence 

ex-cres'-cen-cy 

ex-cre'-tion 

ex-cre'-tive 

ex'-cre-to-ry 

ex-cru'-ci-ate 

ex-cur' -sion 

ex'-er-cise 

ex'-er-ci-ser 

ex-erf 

ex-er'-tion 

ex-fo' -li-ate 

ex-fo -li-a-tion 

ex-fo' 4i-a-tive 

ex-ha'-la-ble 

ex-ha-la'-tion 



ex -l-gen-cy 

ex'-i-gent 

ex'-ile 

ex-ile'-ment 

ex-ile 

ex-ist' 

ex-ist'-ent 

ex'-o-dus 

ex-on'-e-rate 

ex-on-er-a'-tion 

ex-or'-bi-tant 

ex'-or-cise 

ex'-or-cist 

ex-ot'-ic 

ex-pand' 

ex-pan se' 

ex-pan-si-bil' -i-ty 

ex-pan' -si-ble 



ex-pan -sion 

ex-pan' -sive 

ex-pa' -ti-ate 

ex-pect' 

ex-pect'-ance 

ex-pect' -an-cy 

ex-pec-ta'-tion 

ex-pec' -ter 

ex-pec' -to-rate 

ex-pec-to-ra'-tion 

ex-pec' -to-ra-ti ve 

ex-pe'-di-ence 

ex-pe'-di-en-cy 

ex-pe'-di-ent 

ex-pe'-di-ent-ly 

ex'-pe-dite 

ex'-pe-dite-ly 

ex-pe-di'-tion 

ex-pe-di' -tious-ly 

ex-pel' 

ex-pel' -ler 

ex-pen d' 

ex-pense' 

ex-pense'-ful 

ex-pense' -less 

ex-pen' -sive 

ex-pen' -sive-ty 

ex-pe'-ri-ence 

ex-per'-i-ment 

ex-per -i-men'-tal 

ex-per -i-men-tal'-ly 

ex-per' -i-men-ter 

ex-pert' 

ex-pert' Jy 



22 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



ex'-pi-a-ble 

ex' -pi-ate 

ex-pi-a'-tion 

ex'-pi-a-tory 

ex-pi-ra'-tion 

ex-pire' 

ex-plain' 

ex-plain' -ing 

ex-plained' 

ex-plain' -a-ble 

ex-plain' -er 

ex-pla-na'-tion 

ex-plan' -a-tory 

ex-ple'-tive 

ex'-pli-ca-ble 

ex'-pli-cate 

ex-pli-ca'-tion 

ex-plic-a'-tive 

ex-pli'-cit 

ex-pli'-cit-ly 

ex-plode' 

ex-plo'-der 

ex-ploit' 

ex-plo'-rate 

ex-plo-ra'-tion 

ex-plor'-a-tory 

ex-plore' 

ex-po'-nent 

ex-po-nen'-tial 

ex-port' 

ex-por-ta'-tion 

ex-por'-ter 

ex-pose' 

ex-po-si'-tion 



ex-pos'-i-tor 

ex-pos'-tu-late 

ex-pos -tu-la-tion 

ex-pos-tu-la'-tor 

ex-po'-sure 

ex-pound' 

ex-pound' -er 

ex-press' 

ex-pres'-si-ble 

ex-pres'-sion 

ex-pres'-sive 

ex-pres'-sive-ly 

ex-pres'-sive-ness 

ex-press' -ly 

ex-pulse' 

ex-pul'-sion 

ex-pul'-sive 

ex-punge' 

ex-pur-ga'-tion 

ex-pur' -ga-tor 

ex-pur' -ga-to-ry 

ex'-qui-site 

ex'-qui-site-ly 

ex'-qui-site-ness 

ex-sic'-cant 

ex-sic -ca-tion 

ex-tant 

ex -tem-po-ral 

ex -tem-po-ral-ly 

ex-tem-po-ra'-ne-ous 

ex-tem'-po-ra-ry 

ex-tem'-po-rize 

ex-tend' 

ex-tend' -er 



ex-ten' -di-ble 

ex-ten-si-bil'-i-ty 

ex-ten' -sion 

ex-ten' -si ve 

ex-tent' 

ex-ten' -u-ate 

ex-ten-u-a'-tion 

ex-te'-ri-or 

ex-te'-ri-or-ly 

ex-ter'-min-ate 

ex-ter-mi-na'-tion 

ex-ter-mi-na'-tor 

ex-ter'-nal 

ex-ter'-nal-ly 

ex-tinct' 

ex-tinc'-tion 

ex-tin' -guish 

ex-tin' -guish-a-ble 

ex-tin' -guish-er 

ex-tir'-pate 

ex-tir-pa'-tion 

ex-tir' -pa-tor 

ex-tol' 

ex-tol'-ler 

ex-tort' 

ex-tort' -er 

ex-tor' -tion 

ex-tor' -tion-ate 

ex' -tract 

ex-tract' -or 

ex-tract' 

ex-trac'-tion 

ex-tra-mun'-dane 

ex-tra'-ne-ous 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 23 

ex-traor'-di-na-ry ex'-tri-cate ex-u'ber-ate 

ex-trav'-a-gant ex-trin f -si-cal ex-u-da'-tion 

ex-trav'-a-gant-ly ex-trin'-sic-al-ly ex-ude' 

ex-treme' ex-trin'-sic ex-ult' 

ex-treme'-ly ex-u'-ber-ant ex-ul-ta'-tion 
ex-trem'-i-ty 

EXERCISES ON ADJECTIVES. 

Select the adjectives from the foregoing words, and write 
them, either singly or in composition. 



PRONOUNS. 



Pronouns are words used instead of nouns, to prevent the 
too frequent repetition of the same word: as, The teacher 
is learned, he instructs us well. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

The First Sound of A. 
The vowel A has four sounds. 

BABE. 

A babe is a very young child, or one that cannot under- 
stand or speak ; it loves to play, and all it does is babish, 
or like a babe. 

When it can talk and understand, it is called a child: 
the word children means more than one child : the actions 
of a child are called childish. 

At seven years of age, the child is called a youth, and is 
able to learn a great many things. At twenty-one the youth 
becomes a man or woman, engages in the duties of life, and 
puts in practice what has been learned either at home or at 
school, and lives with others in society. 



24 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

Men and women mean more, than one man or one woman, 
and they are considered wise or foolish, as they perform well 
or ill, the duties of life. 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

Which words contain the first sound of A ? 
Which words are nouns ? 
Which words are adjectives ? 
Which words are pronouns ? 

Words containing the First Sound of A. 



a-be-ce-da 1 


-ri-an 


air'-i-ness 


a'-pish-ness 


a'-ble 




air'-ing 


a'-pi-a-ry 


a' -corn 




air' -pump 


a'-pri-cot 


ae'-rie 




air'-y 


a-pri'-ci-ty 


a-er-ol'-o-gy 


ake 


a'-pril 


a-er-om'-e- 


-try 


a-kin' 


a'-pron 


age 




al'-ien 


a' -qua 


a'-ged-ly 




a'-lien-a-ble 


a -qua-for'-tis 


a-gain' 




a' -lien-ate 


a -qua-ma-ri'-na 


a'-gen-cy 




a-lien-a'-tion 


a -qua-re'-gia 


a' -gent 




a'-mi-a-ble 


a -qua-vi'-tse 


a'-gi-o 




a'-mi-a-ble-ness 


a'-que-ous 


a'-gue 




a'-mi-a-bly 


a'-que-ous-ness 


a'-gue-fit 




an'-cient 


a-quose' 


aid 




an'-cient-ly 


a'-re-a 


aid'-ance 




an'-cient-ness 


a'-ries 


aid' -ant 




an' -gel 


a-ri'-et-ta 


aid' -less 




ape 


a'-zure 


air 




a' -pish 


a y 


air' -built 




a'-pish-ly 


aye 



EXERISES ON PRONOUNS. 



Select the pronouns from the foregoing lessons, and write 
them, either singly or in composition with other words. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 25 

VERBS. 
Verbs express the actions of things ; as, Mary seivs neatly, 
J ohn gathers berries. There are also passive and neuter verbs. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

The Second Sound of A, as heard in Heart. 

Every person, that is, every man, woman, and child, has 
a heart : it is placed in the centre of the body, and beats in 
every one that lives. 

All the blood in the body passes through the heart many 
times during the day, and its motion may always be felt. 

Its motion, however, is not always uniform ; it beats 
sometimes faster and sometimes slower than it ought to, 
but it only stops at death. 

That power by which we feel joy or sorrow, is also called 
heart ; by it we like and dislike, and love, with many other 
feelings, such as joy, gratitude, &c. 

When the body dies, the heart that is in our body ceases 
to beat ; but that, by which we feel, lives for ever. This 
enables us to be sensible of, and grateful to, our Creator for all 
the good things by which we are surrounded ; for our pa- 
rents, teachers, friends, &c. When we walk abroad in the 
country, and see the beauties of creation around us ; see hill 
and dale covered with something for created beings ; smell 
the sweet flowers ; see their brilliant colours, and hear the 
birds sing around us ; we can rejoice with them, and thank 
our Heavenly Father for all his gifts. 

QUESTIONS UFON THE LESSONS. 

Which words contain the second sound of A ? 
Which words are nouns ? 
Which words are pronouns ? 
Which words are adjectives ? 
Which words are verbs ? 
3 



26 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



Words containing the second sound of A : or, 
Exercises in the Elements of the Language, Words for Dictation, 
and Subjects for Composition. 



ar'-bi-ter 
ar'-bi-tra-ble 
ar-bit'-ra-ment 
ar'-bi-tra-ri-ly 



ar'-chaism 
ar-ched' 
arch'-e-ry 
arch'-er 



ar-bi-tra'-ri-ous-ness ar'-che-type 
ar'-bi -tra-ry ar-che-ty'-pal 

ar-che'-us 
ar'-chi-tect 
ar-chi-tec'-ture 
ar' -chives 
arc' -tic 
ar'-den-cy 
ar'-dent 
ar'-dent-ly 
ar'-dour 
ar'-gent 
ar-gen'-tine 
ar'-gil 

ar-gil-la'-ceous 
ar'-gil-lous 



ar'-bi-trate 

ar'-bi-tra-tor 

ar-bit' -re-men t 

ar-bo'-re-ous 

ar' -bo-ret 

ar'-bo-rist 

ar'-bour 

arc 

arc-ade' 

ar-ca'-num 

arch 

arch-an'-gel 

arch-an-gel'-ic 

ar-chai-ol-o-gy 

ar-chai-o-lo'-gic 



ar -go-sy 

ar'-gue 

ar'-gu-er 

ar'-gu-ment 

ar-gu-men'-tal 

ar-gu-men-ta' -tion 

a r-gu-men' -ta-ti ve 

ar'-ti-cle 

ar-tic'-u-lar 

ar-tic'-u-late 

ar-tic'-u-late-ly 

ar-tic -u-la-tion 

ar'-ti-fice 

ar-tif-i-cer 

ar~ti-fi'-cial 

ar-ti-fi'-cial-ly 

ar-ti-san' 

art'-ist 

art'-less-ly 

art' -less 



EXERCISES ON VERBS. 

Select the verbs from the foregoing words, and write them, 
either singly or in composition. 



ADVERBS. 
Adverbs modify verbs, or tell how things act : as, The 
birds sing sweetly. The girl writes incorrectly. The boy 
comes quickly. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 27 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

The Third Sound of A, as heard in Ball. 

A ball is a round substance which may be made of different 
materials. It is always without corners, and if it be measured 
from a point within, called its centre, to any part of the out- 
side, called the circumference, every part will be alike or equal. 

The earth upon which we live is a great ball, the surface 
of which is covered with land and water. Many people 
live upon the earth, with a great variety of animals, beasts, 
birds, insects, and creeping things. 

The water is also full of inhabitants, generally caded 
fishes ; but there are a few four-footed animals, or quadrupeds, 
which are so formed as to be able to breathe under water : 
they live on the bottom of rivers, or along the shores. 

These creatures, as well as the human family, need food 
many times during the day, and the Psalmist, in the Bible, 
beautifully says of the Creator, that u He openeth his hand 
and filleth all things living with plenteousness." 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSON. 

Which words contain the third sound of A ? 

Which words are nouns ? 

Which words are adjectives ? 

Which words are pronouns ? 

Which words are verbs ? 

Which words are adverbs ? 

Words containing the third sound of A : or, 
Exercises in the Elements of the Language, Words for Dictation t 

and Subjects for Composition. 
all al-migh'-ty al'-tar 

all-hail' al-migh'-ti-ness al'-ter 

all-wise' al-rea'-dy al'-ter-able 

all-suf-fi'-cient al'-so al'-ter-a-bly 



28 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



al-ter-a'-tion 

al'-ter-a-tive 

al'-ways 

al-though' 

al-to-geth'-er 

au'-burn 

auc'-tion 

auc-tion-eer' 

au'-da-cious 

au-da-'cious-ly 

au-da'-ci-ty 

au'-di-ble 

au'-di-bly 

au'-di-ence 

au'-dit 

au -di-tion 

au'-di-tor 

au'-di-to-ry 

au'-di-tress 

aug-ment' 

aug-men-ta'-tion 

au-gur' 

au-gur-a'-tion 



au -gur-er 

au-gu'-ri-al 

au'-gu-ry 

au'-gust 

au-gust' 

au-re'-li-a 

au'-ri-cle 

au-riou'-lar 

au-rif'-e-rous 

au-ro'-ra 

au' -spice 

au-spi'-cial 

au-spi'-cious 

aus-tere' 

aus-tere'-ly 

aus-tere'-ness 

aus-ter'-i-ty 

aus'-tral 

aus-tral'-ize 

au-then'-tic 

au-then'-ti-cal 

au-then-ti'-ci-ty 

au'-thor 



au-thor-i-ta'-tive 

au-thor'-i-ty 

au'-thor-ize 

au'-to-cra-cy 

au-to'-gra-phy 

au-to-graph' -i-cal 

au-tom'-a-ton 

au-to-mat' -i-cal 

au'-top-sy 

au'-tumn 

au-tum'-nal 

aux-il'-iar 

aux-il'-ia-ry 

awe 

aw'-ful 

aw'-ful-ly 

aw'-ful-ness 

awk'-ward 

awk'-ward-ness 

awl 

aw' -less 

aw'-ning 



EXERCISES ON ADVERBS. 

Select the adverbs from the foregoing words, and write 
them singly, or in composition with other words. 



PREPOSITIONS 

Prepositions express the relation of things ; as, Birds, fly 
through the air ; Fishes live in the water : The book is on 
the table. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 29 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

The Fourth Sound of A, as heard in Hand. 

Among the wonderful powers given to man is the human 
hand ; without it how little could we do ! Some are so un- 
fortunate as to lose their hands, and then how dependent they 
are upon others. Even children may understand how much 
their enjoyments would be lessened by any injury to their 
hands ; all their daily wants must be then supplied by others. 

When you are older, you can study the hand, and learn 
its different parts and their uses. The mechanism of the 
hand is very wonderful ; but not more so than its obedience 
to the will of its possessor. Children know that they have 
only to wish, to cause their hands to move in any direction 
they please. This may be a great example of obedience to 
them : imitate it in following the commands of your parents 
and teachers, and always be sure to direct it aright. 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSON. 

Which words contain the fourth sound of A ? 

Which words are nouns ? 

Which words are adjectives ? 

Which words are pronouns ? 

Which words are verbs ? 

Which words are adverbs ? 

Which words are prepositions ? 

Words containing the fourth sound of A : or, 

Exercises in the elements of the language, words for dictation, and 

subjects for composition. 

ab'-a-cus a-ban'-don-ing a-bate' 

a -baft' a-ban'-don-ment a-bate' -ment 

a-ban'-don a-base' a-ba'-ter 

a-han'-doned a-base' -ment ab'-ba-cy 

3* 



30 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



ab'-bess 

ab'-bey 

ab' -bot 

ab'-bot-ship 

ab-bre'-vi-ate 

ab-bre-vi-a'-tion 

a-bide' 

a-bi'-der 

a-bi'-ding 

a-bii'-i-ty 

a-bode' 

a-bode' -ment 

a-bol'-ish 

a-bol'-ish -a-ble 

a-bol'-ish-er 

ab-o-li'-tion 

a-bove' 

a-bove-all' 

a-bove' -ci- ted 

a-bound' 

a-bout' 

a-bridge' 

a-bridged 

a-bridg'-er 

a-bridge' -ment 

ab-rupt' 

ab-rupt'-ly 

ab-rup'-tion 

ab-rupt' -ness 

ab-scond' 

ab-seond'-er 

ab'-sence 

ab-sent' 

ab'-sent 



ab-sen-tee' 

ab'-so-lute 

ab'-so-lute-ly 

ab'-so-lute-ness 

ab-so-lu'-tion 

ab-sor'-bent 

ab-sorpt' 

ab-sorp'-tiou 

ab-stain' 

ab-ste'-mi-ous 

ab-ste'-mi-ous-ly 

ab-sterge' 

ab-ster'-sion 

ab-ster'-sive 

ab'-sti -nence 

ab-sti -nent 

ab-stract' 

ab'-stract 

ab-stract' -ed 

ab-stract' -ed-ly 

ab-strac'-tion 

ab-strac'-tive 

ab-s tract' -ly 

ab-stract' -ness 

ab-struse' 

ab-struse'-ly 

ab-struse' -ness 

ab-surd' 

ab-surd'-ly 

ab-sur'-di-ty 

ab-surd' -ness 

a-bun' -dance 

a-bun'-dant 

a-bun-dant'-]y 



a-buse' 

a-bu'-ser 

a-bu'-sive 

a-bu'-sive-ly 

a-bu'-sive-ne^s 

a-byss' 

a-cad'-e-my 

ac-a-de'-mi-al 

ac-a-dem'-ic 

ac-a-dem'-i-cal 

ac-a-de-mi' -cian 

a-cad'-e-mist 

a-can'-thus 

ac-cel'-er-ate 

ac-cel -er-a-tion 

ac-cend' 

ac-cen'-sion 

ac'-cent 

ac-cent' 

ac-cen'-tu-ate 

ac-cen-tu-a' -tion 

ac-cept' 

ac-cep-ta-bil' -i-ty 

ac'-cep-ta-ble 

ac'-cep-ta-ble-ness 

ac'-cep-ta-bly 

ac-cep-ta'-tion 

ac-cep'-tance 

ac-cep'-ter 

ac-cess' 

ac'-cess-a-ry 

ac-cess'-i-ble 

ac'-ci-dent 

ac-ci-den'-tal 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



31 



ac-ci-dent'-al-ly 

ac-claim' 

ac-cla-ma'-tion 

ac-cliv'-i-ty 

ac-cliv'-ous 

ac-com-mo-da'-tion 

ac-com' -mo-date 

ac-com'-mo-date-ly 

ac-com'-pa-ny 

ac-com'-pa-nier 

ac-com'-plish 

ac-com'-plish-er 

ac-com' -plish-ment 

ac-compt' 

ac-compt' -ant 

ac-cord' 

ac-cord' -ance 

ac-cord' -ant 

ac-cord' -ing 

ac-cord' -ing-ly 

ac-cost' 

ac-cost' -a-ble 

ac-count' 

ac-count'-ant 

ac-cre'-tion 

ac-cre'-tive 

ac-croach' 

ac-croach' -merit 

ac-crue' 

ac-cu -mu-late 

ac-cu -mu-la-tion 

ac-cu' -mu-la-tor 

ac-cu' -mu-la-ti ve 

ac'-cu-ra-cy 



ac'-cu-rate 

ac'-cu-rate-ly 

ac'-cu-rate-ness 

ac-cu' -sa-ble 

ac-cu-sa'-tion 

ac-cu' -sa-tive 

ac-cu' -sa-to-ry 

ac-cu se' 

ac-cu' -ser 

ac-cus'-tom 

ac-cus' -tom-a-ble 

ac-cus' -tom-a-ry 

ac-cu s'-tom-ed 

a-ces'-cent 

a-ce-tose' 

a-ce'-tous 

a-chieve' 

a-chiev'-er 

a-chieve' -merit 

a'-cid 

a-cid'-ity 

a'-cid-ness 

a-cid'-u-late 

ac-knowl'-edge 

ac-knowl-edge-ment 

ac'-me 

a-cou'-stics 

ac-quaint' 

ac-quaint'-ance 

ac-quaint' -ed 

ac-qui-esce' 

ac-qui-es'-cence 

ac-quir'-a-ble 

ac-quire' 



ac-quir'-ed 

ac-qui'-rer 

ac-quire'-ment 

ac-qui-si'-tion 

ac-quis'-i-tive 

ac-quit' 

ac-quit'-ment 

ac-quit' -tal 

ac'-rid 

ac-ri-mo'-ni-ous 

ac'-ri-mo-ny 

act 

ac'-tion 

ac'-tion-a-ble 

ac'-tive 

ac'-tive-ly 

ac-tiv'-i-ty 

ac'-tor 

ac' -tress 

ac'-tu-al 

ac-tu-al'-i-ty 

ac'-tu-al-ly 

ac'-tu-a-ry 

ac'-tu-ate 

ac-u'-men 

ac-u'-min-a-ted 

a-cute' 

a-cute'-ly 

a-cute' -ness 

ad'-a-mant 

ad-a-man-te'-an 

ad-a-man'-tine 

ad-apt' 

ad-ap-ta'-tion 



32 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



ad-ap'-tion 

ad-apt' -ness 

add 

ad-di-bie 

ad-di-bil'-i-ty 

ad-di'-tion 

ad-di'-tion-al 

ad'-di-to-ry 

ad-dress' 

ad-dress'-er 

ad'-e-quate 

ad'-e-quate-ly 

ad-here' 

ad-he'-rence 

ad-he' -re n-cy 

ad-he' -rent 

ad-he' -rer 

ad-he '-sion 

ad-he'-sive 

ad-ja'-cent 

ad-jec'-tion 

ad-jec-ti'-tious 

ad'-jec-tive 

ad'-jec-tive-ly 

ad -jo urn' 

ad-journ'-ment 

ad -judge 

ad-ju'-di-cate 

ad'-junct 

ad -junc-tion 

ad-junc'-tive 

ad-ju-ra'-tion 

ad -jure' 

ad-just' 



ad-just' -ment ad-op'-tion 

ad'-ju-tant ad-opt' -er 

ad-min'-is-ter ad-opt' -ive 

ad-min'-is-trate a-do'-ra-ble 

ad-m in' -is-tra-tive a-do' -ra-bly 

ad-min -is-tra-tor ad-o-ra'-tion 

ad-min-is-tra'-tion a-dore' 
ad-min-is-tra'-tor-ship a-do' -rer 

ad-mi-ra-bil'-i-ty a-dorn' 
ad'-mi-ra-ble 



ad'-mi-ra-bly 

ad-mi-ra'-tion 

ad-mire' 

ad-mi' -rer 

ad-mi' -ring-ly 

ad-mis' -si-ble 

ad-mis' -sion 

ad-mit'-tance 

ad-mit' 

ad-mit'-ta-ble 

ad-mit'-tance 

ad-mix' 

ad-mix' -tion 

ad-mix' -ture 

ad-mon'-ish 

ad-mon'-ish-er 

ad-mo-ni'-tion 

ad-mo-ni'-tion-er 

ad-mon'-i-to-ry 

ad-o-les'-cence 

ad-o-les'-cen-cy 

ad-opt' 

ad-opt' -ed 

ad-opt' -ed-ly 



a-dorn' -ment 

ad-vance' 

ad-vance'-ment 

ad-van' -cer 

ad-van'-tage 

ad-van-ta'-geous 

ad-van-ta' -geous-1 y 

ad-vene' 

ad-ven-ti'-tious 

ad-ven'-tu-al 

ad-ven'-ture 

ad-ven'-tu-rous 

ad-ven' -tu-rous-ly 

ad-ve'-nient 

ad-ven-ti'-tious 

ad-ven' -tu-rer 

ad-ven' -ture-some 

ad' -verb 

ad-ver'-bial 

ad-ver-bi -al-ly 

ad'-verse 

ad-ver'-sa-tive 

ad'-ver-sa-ry 

ad-ver'-si-ty 

ad-ver-tise' 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



33 



ad- ver-tise' -ment 

ad-ver-ti'-ser 

ad-ver-ti'-sing 

ad-vise' 

ad-vi'-sed-ly 

ad-vi'-ser 

ad-u-la'-tion 

ad'-u-la-to-ry 

ad-u-la'-tor 

a-dult' 

ad-um'-brate 

ad-um-bra'-tion 

ad'-vo-cate 

af'-fa-ble 

af-fa-bil'-i-ty 

af'-fa-ble-ness 

af-fect' 

af-fec-ta'-tion 

af-fec'-ted 

af-fec'-ted-ly 

af-fec'-ted-ness 

af-fec'-tion 

af-fec'-tion -ate 

af-fec' -tion-ate-ly 

af-fi'-ance 

af-fi'-an-cer 

af-fi'-ed 

af-fil-i-a'-tion 

af-fin'-i-ty 

af-firm' 

af-firm'-a-ble 

af-firm' -ant 

af-firm -a-tion 

af-fir'-ma-tive 



af-fir'ma-tive-ly 

af-firm'er 

af-fix' 

af-fix'-ion 

af-flict' 

af-flict'-er 

af-flic'-tion 

af-flic'-tive 

af'-flu-ence 

af'-flu-en-cy 

af'-flu-ent 

af'-flux 

af-flux'-ion 

af'-ter 

af'-ter-noon 

af'-ter-ward 

a-gain' 

a-gainst' 

a'-gile 

a-gil'-i-ty 

a'-gi-tate 

a-gi-ta'-tion 

a-gi-ta'-tor 

a-gree' 

a-gree'-a-ble 

a-gree' -a-ble-ness 

a-gree' -a-bly 

a-gree d' 

a-gree' -merit 

ag'-ri-cul-ture 

al'-a-bas-ter 

al'-chym-y 

ai-chym -ist 

al-chym'-i-cal 



al'-co-hol 

al' -co-ran 

al-cove' 

alem'-bic 

al'-ge-bra 

al-ge-bra'-ic 

al-ge-bra'-ic-al 

al-ge-bra'-ist 

al'-gid 

al-gid'-i-ty 

al'-gid-ness 

al -gif '-ic 

al'-i-ment 

al-i-men'-tal 

al-i-men'-tal-ly 

al-i-men'-ta-ry 

al-i-men -ta-tion 

al'-ka-li 

al'-ka-line 

al-ka-les'-cence 

al'-ka-li-zate 

al-ka-li-za'-tion 

al-le'-gi-ance 

al-le'-gi-ant 

al-le-gor'-ic 

al-le-gor'-i-cal 

al'-le-go-rize 

al'-le-go-ry 

al-le'-vi-ate 

al-le-vi-a'-tion 

al-li'-ance 

al-lot' 

al-lot'-ment 

al-lot' -to-ry 



34 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



al-lot'-ted 

al-low' 

al-low'-a-ble 

al-low' -ance 

al-lure' 

allure' -ment 

al-lu'-rer 

al-lu-'ring-ly 

al-lu'-sion 

al-lu'-sive 

al-lu'-sive-ness 

al-lu'-vi-on 

al-lu'-vi-ous 

al-ly' 

al'-pha 

al'-pha-bet 

al-pha-bet'-ic 

al-pha-bet'-i-cal 

al-pha-bet' -i-cal-ly 

al-ter'-nate 

al-ter'-nate-ly 

al-ter-na'-tion 

al-ter'-na-tive 

al'-ter-na-tive-ly 

a-rnal'-ga-mate 

a-mal-ga-ma'-tion 

am'-a-ranth 

am-a-ran' -thine 

a-maze' 

a-maze' -merit 

a-ma'-zing 

a-ma'-zing-ly 

am'-ber 

am-bi-dex'-ter 



am-bi-dex' -trous 

am'-bi-errt 

am-big'-u-ous 

am-big'-u-ously 

am-bi'-tion 

am-bi'-tious 

am-bi'-tious-ly 

am-bro'-sia 

am-bro'-sial 

a-mend' 

a-mend' -merit 

a-mend' -er 

a-mends' 

am'-i-ty 

am-phib'-i-ous 

am-phi-bol'-o-gy 

am-phi-the' -a-tre 

am' -pie 

am-pli'-fi-cate 

am-pli -fi-ca-tion 

am'-pli-fi-er 

am'-pli-tude 

am'-pli-fy 

am' -ply 

an'-a-gram 

an-a-gram' -mat-i st 

an-a-gram' -mat-ize 

an-a-lo'-gi-cal 

an-a-lyt'-i-cal 

an-al-y -sis 

an-a-ly t' -i-cal-ly 

an-a-lyt'-ic 

an'-al-yze 

an'-a-ly-zer 



an' -arch 

an-arch'-i-cal 

an'-ar-chy 

a-nath'-e-ma 

an-ath -e-mat-i-cal 

an-ath'-e-ma-tize 

an-a-tom'-i-cal 

a-nat'-o-mist 

a-nat'-o-mise 

a-nat'-o-my 

an'-ces-tor 

an'-ces-tral 

an'-ces-try 

an'-chor 

an'-chor-hold 

an'-chor-age 

an'-chored 

an'-cho-ret 

an'-cho-rite 

an'-gle 

an'-gler 

an'-gli-cism 

an'-gry 

an'-ger 

an'-gri-ly > 

an'-gu-lar 

an'-gu-lar-ly 

an'-i-mate 

an'-i-mal 

an-i-mal'-cule 

an-i-mal'-i-ty 

an-i-ma'-tive 

an-i-ma'-tion 

an-i-ma'-ter 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



35 



an'-nals 

an'-nal-ist 

an -nex 

an-nex-a'-tion 

an-nex' -merit 

an-ni'-hil-ate 

an-ni-hil-a'-tion 

an-ni-ver'-sa-ry 

an-no-ta'-tion 

an-no-ta'-tor 

an-noy' 

an-noy'-ance 

an-noy' er 

an'-nu-al 

an'-nu-al-ist 

an'-nu-al-ly 

an-nu'-i-tant 

an-nu'-i-ty 

an'-nu-lar 

an'-nu-lar-ly 

an'-nu-let 

a-nom'-a-lous 

a-nom' -a-lous-ly 

a-nom'-a-ly 

a-non'-y-mous 

a-non' -y-mous-ly 

an'-swer 

an'-swer-a-ble 

an'-te 

ant-arc' -tic 

an-te-ce'-dence 

an-te-ce'-dent 

an-te-ce'-dent-ly 

an'-te-date 



an'-te-di-lu-vi-an 

an'-te-past 

an -te-pe-nult' 

an-te'-ri-or 

an' -them 

an-thol'-o-gy 

an'-ti 

an-ti'-ci-pate 

an' -tic 

an'-tic-ly 

an-ti -cli-max 

an -ti-do'-tal 

an'-ti-dote 

an-tip'-a-thy 

an-tip'-o-dal 

an-tip'-o-des 

an'-ti-qua-ry 

an'-ti-quate 

an-tique' 

an-ti' -qui- ty 

an'-ti-type 

an-ti-typ'-i-cal 

an-toe'-ci 

anx-i'-e-ty 

anx'-ious 

anx'-ious-ly 

anx'-ious-ness 

a-part' 

a-part'-ment 

ap'-a-thy 

a'-pex 

a-phe'-lion 

aph'-o-rism 

a-poc'-ry-pha 



a-poc'-ry-phal 

ap'-o-logue 

a -pol-o-gy 

ap'-o-thegm 

ap'-o-plex-y 

ap-o-plec'-tic 

a-pos'-tate 

a-pos'-ta-tize 

a-pos' -tie 

a-pos'-tle-ship 

a-pos -tol-i-cal 

a-pos -tol-ic 

a-pos' -tro-phize 

a-pos' -tro-phe 

ap-par'-el 

ap-pa'-rent 

ap-pa'-rent-ly 

ap-pa-ri'-tion 

ap-peal' 

ap-peal' -ant 

ap-peal' -er 

ap-pear' 

ap-pear'-ance 

ap-pel'-lant 

ap-pel'-late 

ap-pel-la'-tion 

ap-pel'-la-tive 

ap-pel'-Ia-to-ry 

ap-pel -lee' 

ap-pend' 

ap-pen'-dage 

ap-pen'-dant 

ap-pen'-dix 

ap-per-tain' 



36 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION, 



ap -per-tai n' -merit 
ap -per' -te -nance 
ap-per'-ti-nent 
ap-plaud' 
ap-plaud'-er 
ap-plause' 
ap-pli'-a-ble 
ap-pli'-ance 
ap-pli-ca-bii'-i-ty 
ap'-pli-ca-ble 
ap-pli-ca'-tion 
ap'-pli-ca-tive 
ap'-pli-ca-tory 
ap-ply' 
ap -point' 
ap -point' -er 
ap-point'-ment 
ap'-po-site 
ap'-po-site-ly 
ap-po-si'-tion 
ap-praise' 
ap-prais'-er 
ap-pre-hend' 
ap-pre-hen'-der 
ap-pre-hen' -si-ble 
ap-pre-hen'-sive 
ap -pre-h en' -si ve-ly 
ap-pro'-pri-ate 
ap-pro-pri-a'-tion 
ap-pro-pri-a' -tor- 
apt 

apt'-i-tude 
ar'-id 
a-rid'-i-ty 



ar-is-toc'-ra-cy 

ar-is-to-craf -i-cal 

a-rith-met'-i-cal 

a-rith-me-ti' -ci-an 

a-rith'-me-tic 

ar'-mis-tice 

ar-o'-mat-ics 

ar-o'-ma-tize 

ar-raign' 

ar-raign'-ment 

ar-range' 

ar-range'-ment 

ar-rear' 

ar-rear'-age 

ar-ri'-val 

ar-rive' 

ar-row' 

ar'-row-y 

art 

art' -ful 

art'-ful-ness 

as-cent' 

as-cen'-dant 

as-cen'-den-cy 

as-cen'-sion 

as-cend' 

as-cer-tain' 

as-cer-tain'-er 

as-cet'-ic 

ash'-es 

ash' -en 

ash'-y 

as'-pect 

as'-pe-rate 



as-per'-i-ty 

as-pi -rate 

as-pi-ra'-tion 

as-pire' 

as-pi' -rer 

as-sail' 

as-sail'-er 

as-ser'-tion 

as-ser'-tive 

as-ser'-ter 

as-si-du'-i-ty 

as-sid'-u-ous 

as-sid'-u-ous-ly 

as-sign' 

as-sign'-a-ble 

as-sign-ee' 

as-sign' -er 

as-sign'-ment 

as-sim'-i-late 

as- sim -i-]a-tion 

as-so'-ci-ate 

as-so-ci-a'-tion 

as-sure' 

as-su' -ranee 

as-su'-rer 

as'-ter-isk 

as'-ter-ism 

asth'-ma 

asth- mat' -i-cal 

ath-mat'-ic 

as'-tral 

as-trol'-o-gy 

as-tro-lo'-gi-cal 

as-trol'-o-ger 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



37 



as-tron'-o-mer 

as-tro-nom'-i-cal 

as-tron'-o-my 

at'-] as 

at'-mos-phere 

at-mos-pher' -i-cal 

at'-om 

a-tom'-i-cal 

a-tone' 

a-tone' -ment 

a-tro'-cious 

a-tro'-ci-ty 

a-tro'-cious-ness 

at-taint' 

at-tain'-der 

at-taint' -ure 

at-tempt' 



at-tempt'-a-ble 

at-tempt' -er 

at-ten'-u-ate 

at-ten-u-a'-tion 

at- test' 

at-tes-ta'-tion 

at-tire' 

at-ti'-rer 

at-tract' 

at-trac'-tion 

at-trac'-tive-ly 

at'-tri-bute 

at-trib'-ute 

at-trib'-u-ta-ble 

a-vail' 

a-vail 7 -a-ble 

a-vail' -a-bly 



a-vail -ment 

av'-a-rice 

av-a-ri'-cious 

a v-a-ri' -ci-ous-ly 

a -void 

a-void'-a-ble 

a-void'-ance 

a-void'-er 

a-voir~du-poise r 

a-ward r 

a-ware' 

a-wbile r 

a-wry' 

ax'-iorn 

ax' -is 

ax'-le 

ax'-le-tree 



EXERCISES ON PREPOSITIONS, 



Select the prepositions from the foregoing- Lessons, and 
write them either singly or in composition. 



CONJUNCTIONS. 

Nouns, or pronouns and verbs, form simple sentences ; 
these sentences, when joined, form compound sentences. 
The words which connect them are called conjunctions ; as, 
James goes to school, and he improves every day. 

* A sentence is an assemblage of words making an assertion, or ex- 
pressing a complete sense. 



38 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION, 

The Vowel O has four Sounds, 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS, 

TJie First Sound ofO,as heard in Home. 

Husband and wife, parents and children, brothers and sis- 
ters, constitute a family ; where they live together is called 
Home. There is the place for the exercise of affection and 
kindness ; where there is but one interest, where all enjoy or 
suffer together. The time spent at home by children is truly 
the spring of life : then is the season for sowing the seed of 
all that is necessary for future life. If this be not properly 
improved, every mispent hour, every neglected opportunity 
will be remembered. 

When children leave their homes, and go out into the 
world, and find themselves surrounded by strangers, each 
seeking his own — then, and not till then, can they fully ap- 
preciate the blessings of home, 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

Which words contain the first sound of O ? 

Which words are nouns ? 

Which words are adjectives? 

Which words are pronouns ? 

Which words are verbs ? 

Which words are adverbs ? 

Which words are prepositions ? 

Which words are conjunctions ? 

Words containing the first Sound of O : or, 

Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dicta' 

Hon, and Subjects for Composition. 

oak o-be'-di-ence o-bli'-ger 

oak' -en o-be'-di-ent o-bli'-ging 

oak'-um o-be'-di-ent-ly ob-li-gee' 

oath o-blige' o'-cean 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



39 



o-ce-an -ic 

ode 

o'di-ous 

o-di -ous-ly 

o-'di -ous-ness 

o'-di-um 

o-don-tal'-gic 

o' -do-rate 

o -do-rif-er-ous 

o'-do-rous 

o'-dour 

old 

old' -en 

o-me'-ga 

o'-men 

o'-mened 

o -mis-sion 

o-mit' 

on'-ly 

o'-nyx 

o-pa'-ci-ty 

o-pa'-cous 

o'-pal 

ope 

o'-pen 

o'-pen-ly 



o -pen-er 

o -pen-hand' -ed 

o -pen-heart' -ed 

o'-pen-ing 

o'-pen-ness 

o' -pi-ate 

o-pin' -ion 

o-pine' 

o-pin' -i-a-tive 

o'-ral 

o'-ral-ly 

o-ra'-tion 

o'-ri-ent 

o-ri-en'-tal 

o-ri-en'-tal-ism 

o-ri-gin'-al 

o-ri'-gin-al-ly 

o-ri' -gin-ate 

o'-sier 

o'-val 

o-va'-ri-ous 

o'-ver 

o'-ver-act 

o-va'-tion 

o-ver-awe' 



o-ver-bal'-ance 

o-ver-bat'-tle 

o-ver-bear' 

o-ver-bur'-den 

o-ver-cloud' 

o-ver-come' 

o-ver-do' 

o-ver-joy' 

o-ver-load' • 

o-ver-much' 

o-ver-might' 

o-ver-rate' 

o-ver-reach' 

o-ver-seer' 

o-ver-shad'-ow 

o-ver-shoot' 

o'-vert 

o'-vert-ly 

o-ver-take' 

o'-ver-throw 

o'-ver-ture 

o-ver-turn' 

own 

own'-er 

own'-er-ship 



EXERCISES ON CONJUNCTIONS. 



Select the conjunctions from the foregoing Lessons, and 
write them, either singly or in composition. 



40 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

ARTICLES. 

Some nouns express classes of things, and to distinguish 
one from others, we place a word called an article before it : 
thus, Man is the general name of human beings ; when we 
wish to speak of one, we say, A Man, or The Man. Bird is 
the general name of animals that fly; but if we speak of one, 
we say, A Bird, or The Bird, &c. Articles limit nouns. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

The Second Sound ofO> as heard in Broom. 

A broom is a household implement of great convenience m 
gathering up the dust that daily collects in, and about our 
houses. Brooms are generally made of a plant we call Broom- 
Corn, which originally came from the East Indies. It grows 
from six to eight feet high, and what is used for brooms is 
the top, or flowering part. The flowers grow in a form that 
botanists call a pannicle ; this is cut from the stalk, and made 
fast to a handle, and thus the implement which we call a 
broom, is formed. 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

Which words contain the second sound of O, as heard in 
Broom ? 

Which words are nouns ? 
Which words are adjectives ? 
Which words are pronouns ? 
Which words are verbs ? 
Which words are adverbs ? 
Which words are prepositions ? 
Which words are conjunctions ? 
Which words are articles ? 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 41 

Words containing the second sound of O : or. 

Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, loith Words for Dic- 

tatio?i, and Subjects for Composition. 

oo'-sy ouphe ou'-sel 

oose ou'-phen 

EXERCISES ON THE ARTICLES. 

Select the articles in the foregoing lessons, and write them, 
either singly or in composition. 



INTERJECTIONS. 



Interjections express the passions or emotions of the speak 
er : as, Hark ! the bird sings ! Alas ! I have offended my 
teacher. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

The Third Sound of O, as heard in Fork. 
Every child now uses a fork, but every child does not 
know that it is not a long time, since they were generally 
used. 

They came originally from the Italians, and were first used 
in England during the reign of James I., in the sixteenth 
century. Meat was formerly served out at the point of the 
knife : this is still the custom on the continent of Europe. 
Before the revolution in France, in 1789, it was customary, 
when a gentleman was invited out to dine, for him to send a 
servant before him, with his own knife, fork, and spoon ; or, 
if he had no servant, he carried them in his pocket in a case. 
The peasantry of Tyrol, Germany, and Switzerland, still carry 
their own knife, fork, and spoon, when they leave home. 
4/fc 



42 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

Winch words contain the third sound of O ? 

Which words are nouns ? 

Which words are adjectives? 

Which words are pronouns ? 

Which words are verbs ? 

Which words are adverbs ? 

Which words are prepositions ? 

Which words are conjunctions? 

Which words are articles ? 

Which words are interjections ? 

Words containing the third sound of O : or, 
Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dic- 
tation, and Subjects for Composition. 

orb or'-di-nal or-na-men'-tal-ly 

orb'-ed or'-di-nance or-na-men'-ted 

or-bic'-u-lar or'di-na-ri-ly or-ni-thor-ogy 

or-bic'-u-la-ted or'-di-na-ry or'-phan 

or' -bit or'-gan or'-phan-age 

or'-chard or-gan'-ic or'-tho-dox 

or'-ches-tra or-gan'-ic-al or'-tho-dox-y 

or'-de-al or-gan-i-za'-tion or-tho-graph'-i-cal 

or'-der or'-gan-ize or-tho-graph'-i-cal-ly 

or'-der-er or'-na-ment or-thog'-ra-phy 

or'-der-ly or-na-men'-tal 

EXERCISES ON THE INTERJECTIONS. 

Select the interjections in the foregoing lesson, and write 
them either singly, or in composition. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 43 

SUBSTANTIVES, or NOUNS, 

A substantive, or noun, is the name of any thing that exists, 
or of which we have any idea : as, Earth, Hope. 

Substantives, or nouns, are divided into proper and com- 
mon. 

Proper nouns are the names given to individual things : as, 
New York, James, Sarah, &c. 

Common nouns are the names of classes of things : as, 
Animal, Man, Tree, &c. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

The fourth sound of O, as heard in Clock- 
Day and night were the first divisions of time, and the 
measuring of these great portions was among the earliest 
objects of science. 

The rising and setting of the sun determined the length of 
the day, which was first divided by the clepsydra, or water 
clocks, into equal portions. Clepsydra were in use in the 
earliest ages of the world, among the Chinese, Indians, Egyp- 
tians, Arabians, and Chaldeans. Julius Caesar found them in 
Britain. 

Sun-dials, or marking time by the difference of the sun's 
rays, is mentioned in Scripture 700 years before the Chris- 
tian era : they were also used by the Greeks and Romans. 
Toothed wheels, which are now in use, were invented by 
Ctesibus, a native of Alexandria, about 140 years B.C. Our 
present clock is said to have been invented in the eleventh 
century by the Saracens. 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

Which of the words contain the fourth sound of O ? 
Which of the words are nouns ? 
Which of the nouns are proper nouns ? 
Which of the nouns are common nouns ? 



44 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



Words containing the Fourth Sound of O : or, 
Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dic- 
tation and Subjects for Composition 

ob'-e-Iisk ob-ser'-va-to-ry 

ob'-so-lete 
ob'-so-lete-ness 
ob'-sti-nate 
ob'-sti-nate-ly 
ob-strucf 
ob-struct'-er 
ob-struc'-tion 
ob-tain' 
ob-tain'-a-ble 
ob-tain' -er 
ob-trude' 
ob-tru'-dei 
ob-tru'-sion 
ob-tru'-sive 
ob-tuse' 
ob-tuse' -ly 
ob-tuse' -ness 
ob-tu'-sion 
ob'-vi-ous 
ob'-vi-ous-ly 
ob'-vi-ous-ness 



ob'-ject 

ob-ject' 

ob-jec -tion 

ob-jec'-tive 

ob-jec-tive -ly 

ob-jec' -tor 

ob-late' 

ob-la'-tion 

ob-Ii-ga'-tion 

ob-lig'-a-to-ry 

ob'-long 

ob'-long-ly 

ob -nox-ious 

ob-nox'-ious-ly 

ob'-scene 

ob-scu-ra'-tion 

ob-scure'-Iy 

ob-scure'-ness 

ob-scu'-ri-ty 

ob-se'-qui-ous 

ob-se'-qui-ous-ly 



sb-se'-qui-ous-ness oc-ca'-sion 
ob-serv'-er oc-ca'-sion-al 



ob-serve' 

ob-ser'-ving-ly 

ob-ser'-vant 

ob-ser-va'-tion 

ob-ser'-va-ble 

ob-ser-va'-tor 



oc-ca'-sion-al -ly 

oc'-ci-dent 

oc-ci-den'-tal 

oc-cid'-u-ous 

oc-cult' 

or, cul-ta'-tion 



oc-cult' -ness 

oc-cu-pa'-tion 

oc'-cu-pi-er 

oc'-cu-py 

oc-cur'-rence 

oc-cur'-rent 

oc'-ta-gon 

oc-tag'-o-nal 

oc-tan'-gu-lar 

oc-tant' 

oc'-tave 

oc-ta'-vo 

oc-ten'-ni-al 

oc-to'-ber 

oc-to'-ge-na-ry 

oc'-tu-ple 

oc'-u-lar 

oc'-u-lar-ly 

oc'-u-list 

odd 

od'-dly 

odd' -ness 

of-fence' 

of-fend' 

of-fend' -ex 

of-fen'-sive 

of-fen'-sive-ly 

of-fen'-sive-ness 

of'-fer 

of'-fer-er 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



45 



of -fer-ing 

of-fer-to-ry 

of -flee 

of -fi-cer 

of-fi'-cial 

of-fi'-cial-ly 

oft' -en 

oft' -en-times 

o'-li-gar-chy 

ol'-ive 

om-ni-fa'-ri-ous 

om-nif-e-rous 

om-nif-ic 

om'-ni-form 

om-nip'-o-tence 

om-nip' -o-ten-cy 

om-nip-o'-tent 

om-ni-pres' -ence 



om-ni-pres'-ent 

om-ni'-sci-ence 

om-ni'-scient 

om-ni'-scious 

op'-e-rate 

op'-er-a-tor 

op'-er-a-tive 

op'-er-a-ble 

op-er-a'-tion 

op-por-tune' 

op-por-tune' -ly 

op-por-tu'-ni-ty 

op-pose' 

op-po'-ser 

op'-po-site 

op-po-si'-tion 

op -press 



op-press' -ion 

op-press' -ive 

op-press'-or 

op'-ti-cal 

op' -tic 

op'-u-lence 

op'-u-len-cy 

op'-u-lent 

op'-u-lent-ly 

or'-a-cle 

o-rac'-u-lar 

o-rac'-u-lous 

os-cil-la'-tion 

os-cil-la'-to-ry 

ox 

ox' -en 

ox'-y-mel 



EXERCISES ON COMMON NOUNS. 



Select the common nouns among the foregoing words, and 
write them, either singly or in composition with other words. 



GENDER. 

Gender is the distinction of nouns, with regard to sex. 
There are three Genders: the Masculine, Feminine, and 
Neuter. 

The Masculine Gender denotes animals of the male kind : 
as, A Man, A Boy, A Horse. 

The Feminine Gender denotes animals of the female kind : 
as, A Woman, A Girl, A Hen. 



46 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

The Neuter Gender denotes things which are neither 
males nor females: as, A Flower, A House, A Book, &c. ; 
or animals, the sex of which- is not marked by name : as, 
Bees, Birds, Fishes, &c. 



DIPHTHONGS. 

A diphthong is the union of two vowels, pronounced by a 
single impulse of the voice. 

The letter I is compounded of A E, and has two sounds. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

The first sound of I, as heard in Hive. 

Hives are the habitation of Bees, which are small animals^ 
or insects, that have furnished mankind with honey and wax, 
from the earliest ages. They are proverbial for their indus- 
try and foresight, and live together in societies, under the 
guidance of a Queen Bee. 

There are three kinds of bees in every hive. 

The mother of all, or the Queen Bee, the males, or drones, 
and the Neuter, or working bees : the Queen and the Neuters 
are armed with stings. The number of bees in a hive, va- 
ries from 15,000 to 30,000 : they all live on the nectar of 
flowers, and ripe fruit, from which they collect honey and 
deposit it in hexagonal cells, made with great skill and regu- 
larity, and which is what we call honey-comb. 

The working bees in a hive, amount to several thousands: 
they collect the mealy dust of flowers, by rolling themselves 
in the flower cups, and then bringing their feet over their 
bodies, they fill with the dust, two small bags which are ap- 
pended to their hind legs. As soon as a bee thus laden 
appears, others meet it, and taking the dust from its legs, 
swallow it ; and after it is converted into wax, it is disgorged 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



47 



by each one, and moulded into its proper form by the jaws 
of the insects, which are the only instruments these little 
animals have to use for this purpose. 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSON. 

What is a diphthong ? 

Of what sounds is the letter I composed ? 

Which of the words contain the first sound of I ? 

What is Gender ? 

How many Genders belong to nouns in English ? 

Which words express the Masculine Gender ? 

Which words express the Feminine Gender 2 

Which words express the Neuter Gender ? 

Words containing the first sound of I: or, 
Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dicta- 
tion, and Subjects for Composition. 



ice 


i'-dle 


ire'-ful 


i'-ci-ness 


i'-dler 


ire'-ful-ly 


i'-ci-cle 


i'-dly 


i'-ron 


i'-con 


i'-dol 


i-ron'-i-cal 


i-con'-o-clast 


i-dol'-a-try 


i-ron'-i-cal-ly 


i-co-nor-o-gy 


i-dol'-a-trous 


i' -sin-glass 


i-de'-a 


i-dol'-a-ter 


is' -land 


i-de'-al 


i'-do-lize 


is'-land-er 


i-de'-al-ly 


i'-dyl 


i-tin'-er-ant 


i-den'-ti-cal 


ile 


i'-vy 


i-den'-tic 


ire 


i'-tem 


i-den'-ti-fy 


i-ras'-ci-ble 


i-sos'-ce-les 


i'-des 







EXERCISES ON THE GENDERS. 

Select the words in the foregoing lessons that denote the 
different genders, and write them either singly, or in compo- 
sition with other words. 



48 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

NUMBER. 

Substantives, or nouns, are of two numbers : the singular 
and the plural. 

The singular number expresses but one object: as, A 
Book, The Air. 

The plural number signifies more objects than one : as 
Tables, Books, &c. 

Nouns are all of the third person, when spoken of, and the 
second, when spoken to : as, " Blessings attend us, on every 
side ; Be grateful, ye children of men." 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

The second sound of I, as heard in Indian. 

The name Indian, was applied by Columbus to the inha- 
bitants of the New World, when he first discovered America, 
and supposed, he had found the long-desired passage to India. 

The people of this immense continent are divided into 
tribes, each independent of the other, and generally speaking 
in dialects and languages peculiar to themselves. 

Although the Indians of North America were found in a 
savage state, yet they are, doubtless, the remains of a great 
and noble people. 

The inhabitants of South America, when discovered, were 
in a much higher state of society than those of the North, 
being more united, and some having a regular government, 
as the Peruvians and Mexicans. 

All the Indian tribes are noted for their bravery and hospi- 
tality ; but they are cruel in war, and endure the tortures of 
their enemies with stoical indifference. They live by hunt- 
ing and fishing, while the women are employed in cultivating 
the ground, and doing the menial work. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 49 

They believe in the existence of a Great Spirit, or a Su- 
preme Ruler over all ; in the immortality of the soul, and 
a future state of rewards and punishments. But they, with 
all this, are exceedingly superstitious ; believing in the exist- 
ence of inferior deities, and frequently sacrificing to them. 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

Which of the words contain the second sound of I ? 

How many numbers have nouns ? 

Which of the nouns are singular ? 

Which of the nouns are plural ? 

Which of the nouns are of the second person ? 

Which of the nouns are of the third person ? 

Words containing the second sound of I: or, 

Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dic- 
tation and Subjects for Composition. 

ich-nog'-ra.phy ig -no-ble 

ich-thy-ol'-o-gy ig-no'-bly 

id'-i-o-cy ig-no-min'-ious 

id-i-oc'-ra-cy ig-no-min'-ious-ly 

id-i-o-crat'-i-cal ig'-no-min-y 

id'-i-om ig'-no-rance 

id-i -o-mat' -ic ig' -no-rant 

id-i-o-mat'-i-cal ig'-no-rant-ly 

id-i-op'-a-thy ill 

id-i-o-syn'-cra-cy il-lapse' 

id-i-ot il-la'-tion 

id'-i-ot-ism il'-la-tive 

ig'-ne-us il-le'-gal 

ig-nis-fat'-u-us il-le'-gal-ly 

ig-nite' il-le'-gi-ble 

ig-ni'-tion il-lib'-e-ral 

ig-ni'-ti-ble il-lib'-e-ral-ly 
5 



50 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



il-lim'-i-ta-ble 

il-lim'-i-ta-bly 

il-lim'-i-ted 

il-lit'-er-ate 

il-lit'-er-a-ture 

ill'-ness 

ill-na'-ture 

il-lo'-gi-cal 

il-lo'-gi-cal-ly 

il-lude' 

il-lume' 

il-lu'-mine 

il-lu'-min-ate 

il-lu-mi-na'-tion 

i]-lu'-mi-na-tive 

il-lu -mi-na-tor 

il-lu'-sion 

il-Iu'-sive 

il-lu' -so-ry 

il-lus'-trate 

il-lus-tra'-tion 

il-lus-tra -tive 

il-lus'-tri-ous 

im'-age 

im'-a-ge-ry 

im-a'-gine 

im-a'-gi-na-ble 

im-a'-gin-a-ry 

im-a-gin-a'-tion 

im-be-cile' 

im-be-cii'-i-ty 

im-bibe' 

im-bi'-ber 

im-bit'-ter 



im-bo'-dy 

im-bor-den 

im-bo'-som 

im-bow' 

im-bow' -er 

im-bow' -merit 

im'-bri-ca-ted 

im-bri-ea'-tion 

im-brue' 

im-brute' 

im-bue' 

im-i-ta-bil'-i-ty " 

im'-i-ta-ble 

im'-i-tate 

im-i-ta'-tion 

im'-i-ta-tive 

im-mac'-u-late 

im'-ma-nent 

im-ma-te'-ri-al 

im-ma-te-ri-al' -i-ty 

im-ma-te'-ri-al-ly 

im-ma-ture' 

im-ma-ture'-ly 

im-ma-ture' -ness 

im-ma-tu'-ri-ty 

im-mea'-sur-a-ble 

im-meas' -u-ra-bly 

im-me'-di-ate-ly 

im-me'-di-ate 

im-me-mo'-ri-al 

im-mense' 

im-mense'-ly 

im-men'-si-ty 

im-men' -su-ra-ble 



ELEMENTS OF 


THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 


9 

im-merge' 


im-peach' 


im-merse' 


im-peach' -a-ble 


im-mer'-sion 


im-peach'-ment 


im'-mi-nent 


im-pec'-ca-ble 


im-mod'-er-ate 


im-pec-ca-bir -i-ty 


im-mod-er-ate'-ly 


im-ped'-i-ment 


im-mod-er-a'-tion 


im-pen-e-tra-bir -i-ty 


im-mod'-est 


im-pen'-e-tra-ble 


im-mod'-est-ly 


im-pen' -e- tra-bly 


im' -mo-late 


im-pen'-i-tence 


im-mo-la'-tion 


im-pen' -i- tent 


im-mor'-al 


im-pen' -i-tent-ly 


im-mo-ral'-i-ty 


im-per'-a-tive 


im-mor'-tal 


im-per'-a-tive-ly 


im-mor-tal'-i-ty 


im-per-cep' -ti-ble 


im-mor'-tal-ize 


im-per-cep'-ti-bly 


im-mu'-ni-ty 


im-per'-fect 


im-mure' 


im-per-fec'-tion 


im-mu- ta-bil' -i-ty 


im-per'-fect-ly 


im-mu'-ta-ble 


im-pe'-ri-al 


im-mu' -ta-bly 


im-pe'-ri-ous 


im-pair' 


im-per'-ish-a-ble 


im-pal'-pa-ble 


im-per'-vi-ous 


im-part' 


im-pet'-u-ous 


im-par'-tial 


im-pet-u-os'-i-ty 


im-par-ti-al'-i-ty 


im-pet'-u-ous-ly 


im-par'-ti-al-ly 


im'-pe-tus 


im-pas'-sa-ble 


im-pi'-e-ty 


im-pas-si-bil' -i-ty 


im'-pi-ous 


im-pas'-si-ble 


im'-pi-ous-ly 


im-pas'-sive 


im-pla-ca-bil'-i-ty 


im-pa'-tience 


im-pla'-ca-ble 


irn-pa'-tient 


im-pla'-ca-bly 


im-pa -tient-ly 


im-plant' 



51 



52 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



im'-ple-ment 

im'-pli-cate 

im-pli-ca'-tion 

im-pli'-cit 

im-pli'-cit-ly 

im-plore' 

im-plo'-rer 

im-port' 

im-port' -a-ble 

im-por'-tance 

im-por'-tant 

im-por-ta'-tion 

im-por'-ter 

im-por'-tu-nate 

im-por-tune'-ly 

im-por-tu'-ni-ty 

im-pose' 

im-po'-ser 

im-pose' -a-ble 

im-po-si'-tion 

im-pos'-si-ble 

im-pos-si-bil'-i-ty 

im'-po-tence 

im'-po-tent 

im'-po-tent-ly 

im-press' 

im-pres'-si-ble 

im-print' 

im-pris'-on 

im-pris'-on-ment 

im-prob' -a-ble 

im-prob' -a-bly 

im-pr o-ba-bil' -i-ty 

im-prop'-er 



im-pro-pri'-e-ty 

im-prove' 

im-prove'-ment 

im-prov'-er 

im-prov'-i-dent 

im-pr u' -dent 

im-pru'-dence 

im' -pulse 

im-pul'-sion 

im-pul'-sive 

im-pu-ni -ty 

im-pu'-ta-ble 

im-pu-ta'-tion 

im-pu'-ta-tive 

im-pute' 

in 

in-ac'-cu-rate 

in-ac'-cu-ra-cy 

in-ac'-tive 

in-ac'-tive-ly 

in-ac'-tion 

in-ad'-e-quate 

in-ad'-e-quate-ly 

in-an-i'-tion 

in-an'-i-ty 

in-an'-i-mate 

in-ar-tic'-u-late 

in-ar-tic' -u-late-ly 

in-au'-di-ble 

in-au'-gu-rate 

in-au-gu-ra'-tion 

in-au-spi'-cious 

in-ca'-paJble 

in-ca-pa«bil'-i-ty 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



53 



m-ca-pa -cious 
in-ca-pa'-ci-tate 
in-ca-pa'-ci-ty 
in-car'-cer-ate 
in-car -cer-a-tion 
in-car'-nate 
in-car-na'-tion 
in-cen'-di-a-ry 
in-cense' 
in' -cense 
in-cen'-tive 
in-ces'-sant 
in-ces'-sant-ly 
inch 

inch' -meal 
in'-ci-dence 
in'-ci-dent 
in-ci-dent'-al 
in-ci-dent'-al-ly 
in-ci'-sion 
in-ci'-sive 
in-ci'-sor 
in-cite' 
in-cite'-ment 
in-clem'-en-cy 
in-clem'-ent 
in-cli'-na-ble 
in-cli-na'-tion 
in-cline' 
in-clude' 
in-clu' -sive 
in-clu' -sive-ly 
in-co-he'-rence 
in-co-he'-ren-cy 
5* 



in-co-he'-rent-ly 
in-com-bus' -ti-ble 
in-com-bus-ti-bil' -i-ty 
in-com-men'-su-ra-ble 
in-com-men-su-ra-bil' -i-ty 
in-com-men'-su-rate 
in-com-mode' 
in-com-mo'-di-ous 
in-com-mod'-i-ty 
in-com-mu' -n i-ca-ble 
in-com-mu' -ni-ca-bly 
in-com-pat'-i-ble 
in-com-pat-i-bir -i-ty 
in-com' -pe-ten-cy 
in-com'-pe-tent-ly 
in-com-pe -tent 
in-com-plete' 
in-com-plete'-ness 
in-com-pre-hen' -si-ble 
in-com-pre-hen-si-bir -i-ty 
in-com-pres' -si-ble 
in-com-pres-si-bir -i-ty 
in-con-ceiv' -a-ble 
in-con-cei v' -a-bly 
in-con-clu'-sive 
in-con-clu' -si ve-ly 
in-con'-gru-ous 
in-con-gru'-i-ty 
in-con-sid' -er-a-ble 
in-con-sid' -er-a-ble-ness 
in-con-sid' -er-ate 
in-con-sid -er-a-tion 
in-con-sis' -tent 
in -con-sis' -ten-cy 



54 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



in-con-sis' -tent-ly 

in-con-so'-la-ble 

in-con' -stant 

in-con'-stan-cy 

in-con-tro-ver'-ti-ble 

in-con -tro-ver'-ti-bly 

in.-con-ve'-nient 

in-con- ve'-nience 

in-con- ve'-nient-ly 

in-con-ver'-ti-ble 

in-cor'-po-ral 

in-cor-po-ra'-tion ' 

in-cor'-po-rate 

in-cor-po'-re-al 

in-cor-po'-re-al-ly 

in-cor-rect' 

in-cor-rect' -]y 

in~cor'-ri-gi-ble 

in-cor-ri-gi-bil'-i-ty 

in-cor-rupt' 

in-cor-rupt' -i-ble 

in-cor-rup'-tion 

in-crease' 

in-cred' -i-ble 

in-cred-i-bir -i-ty 

in-cred' -i-bly 

in-cre-du'-li-ty 

in-cred' -u-lous 

in'-cu-bate 

in-cu-ba'-tion 

in'-cu-bus 

in-cul'-cate 

in-cul-ca'-tion 

in-cul'-pa-ble 



n-cum'-bent 

n-deed' 

n-de-fat'-i-ga-ble 

n-de-fat'-i-ga-bly 

n-def'-i-nite 

n-def'-i-nite-ly 

n-del'-i-ble 

n-dem-ni-fi-ca' -tion 

n-dem'-ni-fy 

n-dem'-ni-ty 

n-de-pen'-dence 

n-de-pen'-dent 

n-de-pen'-dent-ly 

n-de-strue'-ti-ble 

n-de-ter'-mi-nate 

n-de-ter'-mi-nate-ly 

n-de-vout' 

n-di-ca'-tion 

n-dic'-a-tive 

n-dic'-tion 

n-dif'-fer-ence 

n-dif'-fer-ent 

n-dif'-fer-ent-ly 

n'-di-gence 

n-di'-ge-nous 

n'-di-gent 

n-dig'-nant 

n-dig-na'-tion 

n-dis-creet' 

n-dis-creet'-ly 

n-dis-cre'-tion 

n-dis-crim'-i-nate 

n-dis-crim -i-na-tion 

n-dis-crim'-i-nate-ly 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



by 



in-dis f -pu-ta-ble 

in-dis'-pu-ta-bly 

in-dis-so-lu-bil'-i-ty 

in-dis'-so-lu-ble 

in-dis'-so-lu-bly 

in-dis-tinct' 

in-dis-tinc'-tion 

in-dis-tinct' -ly 

in-di-vid'-u-al 

in-di- vid-u-al' -i-ty 

in-di-vid'-u-al-ly 

in-di- vis-i-bil' -i-ty 

in-di-vis'-i-ble 

in-do'-cil 

in-do-cir-i-ty 

in-duce' 

in-du'-cer 

in-duct' 

in-due' -tion 

in-duc'-tive 

in-dulge' 

in-dul'-gence 

in'-du-rate 

in-du-ra'-tion 

in-dus-tri -ous 

in-dus-tri -ous-ly 

in-ef-fa-bil'-i-ty 

in-ef-fa-ble 

in-ef-fa-bly 

in-ef-fec'-tive 

in-ef-fec'-tu-al 

in-ef-fec'-tu-al-ly 

in-ef-fi-ca'-cious 

in-el'-e-gant 



in-el'-e-gan-cy 

in-ert' 

in-ert'-ly 

in-es'-ti-ma-ble 

in-ev'-i-ta-ble 

in-ev'-i-ta-bly 

in-ex-cu'-sa-ble 

in-ex-cu'-sa-bly 

in-ex'-o-ra-ble 

in-ex-pe' -di-ence 

in-ex-pe'-di-en-cy 

in-ex-pe'-di-ent 

in-ex-pe' -ri-ence 

in-ex-pe-ri -en-ced 

in-ex'-pi-a-ble 

tn-ex'-pi-a-bly 

in-ex'-pli-ca-ble 

in-ex'-pli-ca-bly 

in-ex-pres' -si-ble 

in-expres'-si-bly 

in-fal-li-bil'-i-ty 

in-fal'-li-ble-ness 

in-fal' -li-ble 

in-fal'-li-bly 

in'-fant 

in'-fan-cy 

in-fant'-ile 

in'-fant-ry 

in-fat'-u-ate 

in-fat-u-a'-tion 

in-fect' 

infec'-tion 

in-fec'-tious 

in-fec'-tious-ly 



56 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



in-fe-li'-ci-ty 

in-ler' 

in'-fer-ence 

in-fer'-i-ble 

in-fe'-ri-or 

in'-fin-ite 

in'-fin-ite-ly 

in-fin'-ite-ness 

in-fin'-i-tude 

in-fln'-i-ty 

in-firm' 

in-firm' -a-ry 

in-firm' -i-ty 

in-flame' 

in-fla'-mer 

in-flam-ma-bil' -i-ty 

in-flam'-ma-ble 

in -flam -ma-tion 

in-fl am' -ma-to-ry 

in -flate' 

in-fla'-tion 

in-fleet' 

in-flec'-tion 

in-flec'-tive 

in-flex-i-bil'-i-ty 

in-flex'-i-ble 

in-flex'-i-bly 

in'-flu-ence 

in'-flu-ent 

in-flu-en'-tial 

in' -flux 

in-fold' 

m-fo'-li-ate 

in-form' 



in-for'-mal 

in-for'-mant 

in-for-ma'-tion 

in-for'-mer 

in-fract' 

in-frac'-tion 

in-fran'-gi-ble 

in-fre'-quent 

in-fre'-quen-cy 

in-fringe' 

in-fringe' -ment 

in-frin'-ger 

in -fuse' 

in-fu'-si-ble 

in-fu'-si-on 

in-fu'-sive 

in-ge'-ni-ous 

in ge'-ni-ous-ly 

in-ge' -ni-ous-ness 

in-ge-nu'-i-ty 

in-gra'-ti-ate 

in-grat'-i-tude 

in-gre'-di-ent 

in'-gress 

in-gres'-sion 

in-hab'-it 

in-hab'-i-table 

in-hab'-i-tant 

in-hab-i-ta'-tion 

in-hab'-it-er 

in-har-mo' -ni-ous 

in-here' 

in-her'-it 

in-he'-rent 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



•57 



in-her'-i-tance 

in-her'-i-tor 

in-her'-i-tress 

in-hos'-pi-ta-ble 

in-hos-'pi-ta-bly 

in-h os-pi- tal'-i-ty 

in-hu'-man 

in-hu'-man-ly 

in-hu'-mate 

in-hume' 

in-im'-i-ta-ble 

in-im'-i-ta-bly 

in-i'-qui-ty 

in-i'-tial 

in-i'-ti-ate 

in-i-ti-a'-tion 

in-ju-di'-cious 

in-ju-di' -ci-ous-ly 

in-junc'-tion 

in' -jure 

in'-ju-rer 

in-ju-'rious 

in-ju'-ri-ous-ly 

in'-ju-ry 

ink 

ink' -horn 

in'-kle 

ink' -ling 

ink'-y 

ink' -stand 

in' -land 

in'-land-er 

in'-ly 

in' -mate 



in' -most 

inn 

in-nate' 

in'-ner 

in'-ner-most 

inn'-keep-er 

in'-no-cence 

in' -no-cent 

in-no-va'-tion 

in -no-va'-ter 

in'-no-vate 

in-oc'-u-late 

in-oc-u-la'-tion 

in-oc'-u-la-tor 

in-o' -do-rate 

in-o'-do-rous 

in-of-fen'-sive 

in-of-fen' -sive-ly 

in' -quest 

in-qui'-e-tude 

in-quire' 

in-qui'-rer 

in-qui'-ry 

in-qui-si'-tion 

in-quis'-i-tive 

in-quis'-i-tive-ly 

in-quis'-i-tor 

in-sa'-tia-ble 

in-sa'-ti-ate 

in' -sect 

in-sec' -tile 

in-sec-tol'-o-ger 

in-se-cure' 

in-se-cu'-ri-ty 



58 



jRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



in-sen-'si-ble 

in-seii-si-bil' -i-ty 

in-sen'-si-bly 

in-sep'-a-ra-ble 

in-sep'-a-ra-bly 

in-sert' 

in-ser'-tion 

in-shrine' 

in-sid'-i-ous 

in-sid'-i-ous-ly 

in-sig-nif ' -i-cant 

in-sig-nif '-i-cant-ly 

in-sin'-u-ate 

in-sin -u-a-tion 

in-sin'-u-a-tive 

in-sip'-id 

in-si-pid'-i-ty 

in-sip'-id-ly 

in' -so-lent 

in'-so-lent-ly 

in-sol'-vent 

in-sol'-ven-cy 

in-spect' 

in-spec'-tion 

in-spec f -tor 

in-spi'-ra-ble 

in-spi-ra'-tion 

in-spire' 

in-spi'-rer 

in'-stant 

in-stan-ta' -ne-ous 

in-stan-ta' -ne-ou s-ly 

in'-stant-ly 

in'-sti-gate 



in-sti-ga'-tion 

in'-sti-ga-tor 

in-stil' 

in-s til-la' -tion 

in'-stinct 

in-stinc'-tive 

in-stinc'-tive-ly 

in'-sti-tute 

in-sti-tu'-tion 

in'-sti-tu-tor 

in-struct' 

in-struc'-tion 

in-struc'-tor 

in-struc'-tive 

in'-stm-ment 

in-stru-men'-tal 

in-stru-men-tal' -i-ty 

in-stru-men' -tal-ly 

in-suf-fer-a-ble 

in-suf-fer-a-bly 

in-suf-fi'-cience 

in-suf-fi'-cien-cy 

in-suf-fi'-cient 

in-suf-fi'-cient-ly 

in'-su-lar 

in'-su-la-ted 

in-sult' 

in-sul'-ter 

in-suT-ting-Iy 

in-sur-mount' -a-ble 

in-sur-mount' -a-bly 

in'-te-ger 

in'-te-gral 

in-teg'-ri-ty 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



59 



in-tel -lect 

m-tel-lec'-tion 

in-tei-lec'-tive 

in-tel-lec'-tu-al 

in-ter-li-gence 

in-tel' -li-gent 

in-tel' -li-gi-ble 

in-tem'-per-ate 

in-tem'-per-ate-ly 

in -tend' 

in-ten'-dant 

in-tense' 

in-tense'-ly 

in-ten'-sion 

in-ten'-sive 

in-tent' 

in-ten'-tion-al 

in-tent' -ly 

in-ter' 

in-ter-ca'-Iar 

in-ter-cal'-a-ry 

in-ter' -ca-late 

in-ter-ca-la'-tion 

in-ter-cede' 

in-ter-ce'-der 

in-ter-cept' 

in-ter-cep'-tion 

in-ter-ces'-sor 

in-ter-ces'-sion 

in-ter-change' 

in-ter-change' -a-bly 

in-ter-ch an ge' -a-ble 

in-ter-dict' 

in-ter-dic'-tion 



in-ter-dic'-to-ry 

in'-ter-est 

in-ter-flu'-ent 

in-ter-ful'-gent 

in-ter-ja'-cent 

in-ter-ja'-cen-cy 

in-ter-jec'-tion 

in'-ter-im 

in-te'-ri-or 

in-ter-know' -ledge 

in-ter-lace' 

in-ter-lapse' 

in-ter-leave' 

in-ter-line' 

in-ter-lin-e-a' -tion 

in-ter-link' 

in-ter-lo-cu'-tion 

in-ter-loc' -u-to-ry 

in-ter-loc'-u-tor 

in-ter-lope' 

in-ter-lo'-per 

in-ter-lu'-cent 

in'-ter-lude 

in-ter-lu'-nar 

in-ter-mar' -ri-age 

in-ter-med'-dle 

in-ter-me'-di-a-ry 

in-ter-me'-di-al 

in-ter-me'-di-ate 

in-ter' -ment • 

in-ter-m in' -a-ble 

in-ter-mi-n a' -tion 

in-ter-min'-gle 

in-ter-mis'-sion 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



in-ter-mit f 

in-ter-mit'-tent 

in-ter-mix' 

in-ter-mix'-ture 

in-ter-mun' -dane 

in-ter-mu'-ral 

in-ter'-nal 

in-ter'-nal-ly 

in-ter'-po-late 

in-ter-po-la'-tion 

in-ter-pose' 

in-ter-po-si'-tion 

in-ter-po'-ser 

in-ter'-pret 

in-ter'-pre-ta-ble 

in-ter-pre- ta' -tion 

in-ter-pre-ta' -ti ve 

in-ter'-pre-ter 

in-ter'-ro-gate 

in-ter-ro-ga' -tion 

in-ter-rog' -a-tive 

in-ter-rog' -a-tive-ly 

in-ter'-ro-ga-tor 

in-ter-rog' -a-to-ry 

in-ter-rupt' 

in-ter-rup'~tion 

in-ter-sect' 

in-ter-sec'-tion 

in-ter-sert' 

in-ter-ser'-tion • 

in-ter-sperse' 

in-ter-sper'-sion 

in-ter-stel'-lar 

in'-ter-stice 



in-ter -sti'-tial 

in-ter-twine' 

in'-ter-val 

in-ter-vene' 

in-ter-ve'-nient 

in-ter-ven'-tion 

in-ter-vert' 

in'-ter-view 

in-ter-volve' 

in-ter-weave' 

in-tes'-tate 

in-tes'-tine 

in-thrall 

in-thrar-ment 

in'-ti-ma-cy 

in'-ti-mate-ly 

in'-ti-mate 

in-ti-ma'-tion 

in-tol'-er-ant 

in-tol'-er-a-bly 

in-tol'~er-a-ble 

in-to-nate' 

in-to-na'-tion 

in-tox'-i-cate 

in-tox-i-ca'-tion 

in-trans'-i-tive 

in-trans' -mu-ta-ble 

in-trep'-id 

in-tre-pid'-i-ty 

in'-tri-cate 

in-tri'-cate-ly 

in-trigue' 

in-tri'-guer 

in-tri'-guing-ly 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



61 



in-trin'-sic 
in-trin'-si-cal 
in-trin-sic -al-ly 
in-tro-duce' 
in-tro-du'-cer 
in-tro-duc'-tion 
in-tro-duc'-to-ry 
in-tro-spect' 
in-tro-spec'-tion 
in-trude' 
in-tru'-sion 
in-tu-i'-tion 
in-tu'-i-tive 
in-tu'-i-tive-ly 
in-vade' 
in-va'-der 
in-val'-id 
in-val'-i-date 
in-va-lid'-i-ty 
in-va-lide' 
in-va'-ri-a-ble 
in-va'-ri-a-bly 
in-va'-sion 
in-va'-sive 
in-vec'-tive 
in-veigh' 
in-vei'-gle 
in-vei'-gler 
in-vent'-er 
in-vent' 
in-ven'-tion 
in-ven'-tive 
in-ven'-tor 
in'-ven-to-ry 
6 



in-vent/-ress 

in-verse' 

in-ver'-sion 

in-vert' 

in-vert'-ed-ly 

in-vesf 

in-ves'-ti-ga-ble 

in-ves'-ti-gate 

in-ves-ti-ga f -tion 

in-ves'-ti-ture 

in-vest*-ment 

in-vet'-er-ate 

in-vid'-i-ous 

in-vid'-i-ous-ly 

in-vid'-i-ous-ness 

in-vig'-o-rate 

in-vig-o-ra f -tion 

in-vin'-ci-ble 

in-vin'-ci-bly 

in-vi'-o-la-ble 

in vi'-o-la-bly 

in-vi'-o-late 

m-vis-i-bir-i-ty 

in-vis'-i-ble 

in-vi-ta'-tion 

in-vite' 

in-vi'-ter 

in-vi'-ting-ly 

in-un'-da-tion 

in'-vo-cate 

in-vo-ca'-tion 

in-voke' 

in-volve' 

in-vol'-un-ta-ry 



62 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION, 



in-vol'-un-ta-ri-ly 

in-vo~lu'-tion 

in-u'-tile 

in-u -til' -i-ty 

in-vul'-ner~a-ble 

in-ward 

in'-ward-ly 

in'-ward-ness 

in- weave' 

in-wrap 

in-wrought' 

in- wreathe' 

irk' -some 

irk'-some-Iy 

ir-ra'-di-ate 

ir-ra-di-a'-tion 

ir-ra'-di-ance 

ir ra'-di-an-cy 

ir-ra'-tion-al 

ir-ra'-tion-al-ly 

ir-ra-tipn-al' -i-ty 

ir-rec-on-ci' -la-ble 

ir-rec-on-ci' -la-bly 

ir-re-cov' -er-a-ble 

ir-re-co v' -er-a-bly 

ir-ref-ra-ga-bil' -i-ty 

ir-ref'-ra-ga-ble 

ir-ref'-ra-ga-bly 

ir-re-fu'-ta-ble 

ir-reg'-u-lar 

ir-reg-u-lar'-i-ty 

ir-reg'-u-lar-ly 

ir-re-li'-gious 



ir-re-li'-gion 

ir-re-me'-di-a-ble 

ir-re-me'-di-a-bly 

ir-rep'-a-r a-ble 

ir-rep'-a-ra-bly 

ir-re-proach' -a-ble 

ir-re-proach' -a-bly 

ir-re-sis'-ti-ble 

ir-re-sis'-ti-bly 

ir-re-sist'-less 

ir-res'-o-lute 

ir-res-o-lu'-tion 

ir-re-spec'-tive 

ir-re-triev' -a-ble 

ir-re-triev' -a-bly 

ir-rev'-er-ence 

ir-rev'-er-ent 

ir-rev'-er-ent-ly 

ir-re-ver'-si-bly 

ir-re-ver'-si-ble 

ir-rev'-o-ca-bly 

ir'-ri-gate 

ir-ri-ga'-tion 

ir'-ri-tate 

ir-ri-ta'-tion 

is'-sue 

is'-sue-less 

isth'-mus 

it 

it'-er-ate 

it-er-a'-tion 

it-self 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 63 



EXERCISES ON THE NUMBER AND PERSONS OF NOUNS. 

Select words from the foregoing, and write them in the 
singular and plural number, and express them, in the second 
and third persons, either singly, or in composition with other 
words. 

SEE APPENDIX. 



CASE. 

In English, substantives or nouns, have three cases, the 
Nominative, the Possessive, and the Objective. 

The Nominative case expresses the agent or actor of an 
active verb : as, I love Mary : Or the subject of a passive or 
neuter verb : as, Mary is loved by me. The day is wet. 

The Possessive case expresses the relation of property or 
possession ; and is marked in the singular by an apostrophe, 
followed by the letter s : as, My Father's House. The 
Scholar's Books. 

When the plural ends in s, the additional s is omitted, but 
the apostrophe is retained ; as, On Eagles' Wings. The 
Drapers' Company. 

The Objective case shows the object of an active verb, or 
expresses the relation of a preposition : as, Mary studies 
grammar. The grain is in the ground. 

English substantives are thus declined : 

Singular. Plural. 

Nominative. A Teacher. Nominative. The Teachers. 

Possessive. A Teacher's. Possessive. The Teachers'. 

Objective. A Teacher. Objective. The Teachers. 



64 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

Diphthong U. 

Lute. 

Who does not love Music ! All creation is full of it. The 
babe in the cradle is soothed by its sound, and it forms one 
of the most exquisite enjoyments of our riper years. 

The Lute is a stringed instrument, formerly much in use. 
Its origin is not known, though it is generally believed to be, 
of an early date. Some ascribe it to the Germans ; others to 
the Arabians. Angels are represented in the Bible as prais- 
ing the Creator of all on a stringed instrument, and music 
makes a great part of worship on earth. We read in Gen., 
iv., 21, that Jubal was the father of all such as handle the 
harp and the organ ; and in Chap. xxi. we read of a choir — 
" And Laban said to Jacob, Wherefore didst thou flee away 
secretly, and didst not tell me, that I might have sent thee 
away with mirth, and with songs, with tabret, and with harp?" 

QUESTIONS ON THE LESSONS. 

Which words contain the first sound of U ? 

How many cases have English substantives ? 

What does the Nominative case express ? 

What does the Possessive case express ? 

What does the Objective case express ? 

How is the Possessive case singular marked ? — Examples. 

How is the Possessive case plural marked ? — Examples. 

What does the Objective show? — Examples. 

Decline the word, Teacher, in the singular. 

Decline the word, Teacher, in the plural. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



65 



Words containing the first sound of U: or, 
Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dic- 
tation, and Subjects for Composition. 



u-bi' -qui-ty 

u-na-nim'-i-ty 

u-nan'-i-mous-ly 

u-nan'-i-rnous 

u'-m-corn 

u~ni-form'-i-ty 

u'-ni-form 

u'-ni-form-ly 

u'-nion 

u'-ni-son 

u'-nit 

u-mte' 

u-ni'-ted-ly 

u-ni'-tion 

u'-ni-tive 



u'-ni-ty 

u-ni-ver'-sal 

u-ni-ver-sal'-i-ty 

u-ni-ver-sal -ly 

u'-ni-verse 

u-ni-ver'-si-iy 

u-niv'-o-cal 

u-niv'-o-cal-ty 

u'-rim 

u'-sage 

u'-su-ry 

use 

use'-ful 

use'-ful-ly 



use'-ful-ness 

use'-less 

use'-less-ly 

use'-less-ness 

u'-su-al-ly 

u'-su-rer 

u-su'-ri-ous 

u-sur'-per 

u-surp'-ing-ly 

u-ten'-sil 

u'-su-ry 

u -surp 

u-sur-pa'-tion 

u-til'-i-ty 



EXERCISES ON THE CASES OF NOUNS. 

Select nouns from the fore-going words, and write them in 
the Nominative, Possessive, and Objective cases, either singly 
or in composition with other words. 



ADJECTIVES. 

Adjectives express the qualities of things : as, A bright 
Day : good Lessons. 

The only variation the adjective in English admits of, is 
that of degrees of comparison. 

There are commonly reckoned three degrees : the Posi- 
tive, the Comparative, and the Superlative. 
6* 



66 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION 

The Positive expresses simply, the quality, or state of an 
object : as, A wise man : A clear Day : A friendly Man. 

The Comparative increases or lessens the positive : as, A 
wiser Man. A clearer Day. A less friendly Man. 

The Superlative increases or lessens the positive to the 
highest or lowest degree : as, The wisest Man : A most 
cloudy Day : A most friendly Man. 

Monosyllables are compared, by er and est. Words of 
more than one syllable, by more, and most. There are some 
words which express the degrees of quality in themselves : 
as, Good, Little, 

Better, Less, 
Best, Least, &c. 

And there are others that do not admit of comparison : as, 
Chief, Extreme, Perfect, Right, Universal, Supreme, &c. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

The Second Sound of\J,in Church. 

We all can now go to any Church, or place of meeting, to 
worship God as we please ; but in the early ages of Chris- 
tianity, it was not so. 

When our Saviour, Jesus Christ, came into the world, he 
taught anew Religion. There were, then, many in power, 
or high stations in society, that would not receive his doc- 
trines, or what he taught ; but they persecuted his followers, 
or, as they were called, " The Christians :" these were obli- 
ged to hold their meetings in secret places, such as rooms, 
and caves, &c. And, with all their care, they at times suf- 
fered dreadful persecution. After 200 or 300 years, kings, 
and people in power, received the new doctrines as Truth, 
and they caused beautiful Edifices to be erected, for believers 
to meet in. Some churches now are very highly ornament- 
ed, and have cost a great deal of money. " But clean hands, 
and pure hearts," have been, in all ages, the highest orna- 
ments churches can have. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



67 



QUESTIONS ON THE LESSONS. 

Which words contain the second sound of XJ ? 

Which words are adjectives? 

What variation do adjectives admit of in English ? 

How many degrees of comparison are there ? 

What does the Positive express ? 

What the Comparative ? 

What the Superlative ? 

How are monosyllables compared 

How are words of more than one syllable compared ? 

Is there any other form of comparison ? 

Are there any words in English that cannot be compared ? 



EXAMPLES. 

Words containing the second sound of U: or, 
Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dic- 
tation, and Subjects for Composition. 



ud'-der 

ug'-ly 

ul'-ti-mate 

ul'-ti-mate-ly 

ul'-tra-ma-rine 

um'-bel 



un-ad-vised'-ly 

un-af-fec'-ted 

un-a-gree'-a-ble 

un-aid'-a-ble 

un-aid'-ed 

un-al'-ien-a-ble 



um-bel-lif'-e-rous un-al-layed' 
um'-ber un-al-lied' 



um'-brage 

um-bra'-geous 

um-brel'-la 

um'-pire 

un 

un-a'-ble 

un-a-bol'-ished 

un-ac' -cept-a-ble 



un-al'-ter-a-ble 

un-al'-ter-a-bly 

un-am-bi'-tious 

un-a'-mi-a-ble 

un-an'-a-lyzed 

un-an'-chored 

un-an' -s wer-a-bl e 

un-an-swer -a-bly un-au'-thor-ized 



un-an'-swered 

un-ap-palled' 

un-ap-peased' 

un-ap-peas'-a-ble 

un-apt' 

un-apt'-ly 

un-apt' -ness 

un-armed' 

un-asked' 

un-as-pi'-ring 

un-as-sail'-a-ble 

un-as-sailed' 

un-at-tain' -a-ble 

un-a-vaiF-a-ble 

un-a-vail'-ing 



68 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



xrn-a-ware 

im-be-com'-ing 

tm-be-lief 

un-be-liev'-er 

mi -bend' 

im-bend'-ing 

un -bi-as 

nn-blam'-a-ble 

un-blam'-a-bly 

nn-blamed' 

un-blem'-ished 

nn-blest' 

im-bo'-som 

un-bound'-ed 

nn-brace 

nn-broke' 

mi-bro'-ken 

un-bur'-then 

un-case 

un-caused' 

■sm-cel'-e-bra-ted 

un-cer'-tam 

un-cer'-tain-ty 

un-cer'-tain-ly 

tin-chan ge' -a-bly 

tm-changed' 

un-chan'-ging 

un-cbar'-i-ta-ble 

tin-char' -i-ta-bly 

tm-chris'-tian 

im-clar'-i-fied 

un-clas'-sic 

un-cleansed' 

un-cloud'-ed 



tin-clou' -dy 

tm-col'-oured 

un-com'-fort-a-ble 

tm-con-cerned' 

un-con-cern' -ed-ly 

un-con-demned' 

tin-con-di' -tion-al 

un-con-fined' 

un-con-nec'-ted 

tm-con'-quer-a-ble 

un-con'-quer-a-bly 

tin-con' -quer-er 

un-con'-scion-a-ble 

tin-con' -scion-a-bly 

tin-con'-scious 

nn-con' -se-cra-ted 

ttn-con-sumed' 

tm-con-tes'-ted 

un-con-tes' -table 

tm-con-trol'-la-bly 

un-con-troP -la-ble 

tin-con -tro-ver' -ted 

un-con-ver'-ted 

tm-con-vinced' 

im-cor-rupt f 

tm-cor-rupt'-ed 

un-cov'-er 

un-cov'-ered 

un-couth'-ly 

un-couth' 

un-cre-ate' 

un-cre-a'-tive 

nn-crossed' 

unc'-tion 



imc-tu-os'-i-ty 

nn-culled' 

tm-cui-ti-va'-tion 

un-cui'-ti-va-ted 

nn-curl' 

un-curled' 

tm-cur'-rent 

tm-datint'-ed 

un-daunt' -ed-ly 

un-daunt'-ed-ness 

tm-daz'-zle 

un-de-oayed' 

un-de-say'-ing 

tin-de-ceived' 

tm-de-ci'-ded 

tin-de-ci'-sive 

tm-de-ci'-sion 

trn-deck' 

un-de-fined' 

un-de-ni'-a-ble 

un-de-ni' -a-bly 

tm-der-go' 

tm'-der-hand 

un-der-hand'-ed 

tin-de-rived' 

un-der-line' 

tin-der-mine' 

tm-der-mi'-ner 

un'-der-most 

tm-der-neath' 

un'-der-plot 

tm-der-prize' 

nn-der-rate' 

un-der-sell' 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



69 



un-der-stand' un- 

un-der-stand' ~ing un- 
un-der-stand' -ing-Iy un 

un-der-stood' un- 

un-der-take' un- 

un-der-ta'-king un' 

un-der-va'-lue un- 

un-der-val'-u-er un- 

un-der-write' un 

un-der-wri'-ter un 

un-de-scribed' un- 

un-de-served' un 



un-de-ser'-ving-ly un- 

un-de-ser'-ving un- 

un-de-signed' un- 

un-de-sign'-ing un- 

un-de-si'-ra-ble un- 

un-de-ter'-mi-nate un- 

un-de-ter-mined un- 
un-de-ter-min-a-'tion un 

un-di-min-ished un- 

un-dis'-cip-lined un- 

un-dis-cov'-ered un 

un-dis-mayed un- 

uu-dis-pu'-ted un 

un-dis-turbed' un- 

un-do' un- 

un-do'-ing un- 

un-done' un- 

un-doubt'-ing un- 

un-doubt'-ed un- 

un-doubt'-ed-ly un 

un-doubt'-ing-l)r un- 

un-dress' un 



-dressed' 

-driv'-en 

-du'-bi-ta-ble 

-du -late 

-du-la'-tion 

-du-la-to-ry 

■du'-ti-ful 

■du'-ti-ful-ly 

-dy'-ing 

■earned' 

■earthed' 

-earth' -ly 

■ea'-sy 

■ea'-si-ly 

■ea'-si-ness 

■ed'-i-fy-ing 

■em-ployed' 

■en-dowed' 

■en-gaged' 

■en-joyed' 

■en-larged' 

■en-light' -enad 



un-ex-em'-pli-fied 

un-ex-haus'-ted 

un-ex-haus'-tion 

un-ex-pan'-ded 

un-ex-pec'-ted 

un-ex-plored' 

un-ex-posed' 

un-fa'-ded 

un-fa'-ding 

un-fail'-ing 

un-fair' 

un-fair'-ly 

un-faith'-ful 

un -faith' -ful-ly 

un-fa -mil-iar 

un-fash' -ion-a-ble 

un-fash' -ion-a-bly 

un-fas'-ten 

un-fath' -om-a-ble 

un-fath' -om-a-bly 

un-fath' -omed 

un-fa' -vour-able 



■en-ter-tain' -ing un-fa' -vour-a-bly 
■en-tombed' un-feath'-ered 



-e-qual-ly 

•e'-qual 

■e-quiv'-o-cal 

■er'-ring 

■er'-ring-ly 

■es-sen'-tial 

■e'-ven 

-ex-am*-pled 



un-feel'-ing 

un-feign-ed 

un-felt' 

un-fer'-tile 

un-fet'-ter 

un-fet'-tered 

un-fit'-ted 

un-fil'-ial 



■ex-cep'-tion-a-ble un-fin'-ished 
■ex'-e-cu-ted un-fiY 



70 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION 



un-fit'-ly 


un-god'-ly 


un-in'-jured 


un-fit'-ness 


un-god'-li-ness 


un-in-spired' 


un-fit'-ting 


un-gov'-ern-a-ble 


un-in-struc'-ted 


un-fix' 


un-gov'-erned 


un-in-struc'-tive 


un-flxed' 


un-grace'-ful 


un-in-tel'-li-gi-ble 


un-nedged' 


un-gra'-cious 


un-in-ten'-tion-al 


un-foiled' 


un-gram-mat' -i-cal 


un-in'-ter-est-ed 


un-fold' 


un-grate'-ful 


un-in-ter -rupt'-ed-ly 


un-for-bid'-den 


un-grate'-ful-ly 


un-in-vi'-ted 


un-for-giv'-ing 


un-ground'-ed 


un-joint'-ed 


un-for-ti-fied 


un-guard'-ed 


un-joy'-ous 


un-for'-tu-nate 


un-gui'-ded 


un-just' 


un-for' -tu-nate-ly 


un-hal'-low 


un-jus'-ti-fi-a-ble 


un-friend' -ed 


un-hal' -lowed 


un-just'-ly 


un-friend' -li-ness 


un-hand'-some 


un-kind'-ly 


un-friend' -ly 


un-hand'-y 


un-knight'-ly 


un-fro'-zen 


un-hap'-pi-ly 


un-known' 


un-fruit'-ful 


un-hap'-pi-ness 


un-lade' 


un-ful-fllled' 


un-hap'-py 


un-laid' 


un-furl' 


un-health'-y 


un-la-ment'-ed 


un-fur'-nish 


un-heard' 


un-law'-ful 


un-gain' 


un-heed'-ed 


un-law'-ful-ly 


un-gain'-]y 


un-heed'-ful 


un-law'-ful-ness 


un-gath'-ered 


un-heed'-ing 


un-learn' 


un-gen'-er-ous 


un-hewn' 


un-learned 


un-ge'-ni-al 


un-ho'-li-ness 


un-less' 


un-gen'-tle 


un-ho'-ly 


un-let-tered 


un-gen'-tle-ness 


un-hon'-oured 


un-like' 


un-gent'-ly ♦ 


un-housed' 


un-like' -Iy 


un-ge-o-met' -ri-cal 


un-hurt' 


un-lim'-it-ed 


un-gird' 


. un-im-a' -gin-a-ble 


un-lock' 


un-girt' 


un-im-pro^ed' 


un-loose' 


un-giv'-ing 


un-in-hab'-it-a-ble 


un-loved' 


un-glo'-ri-fied 


un-in-hab'-i-ted 


un-love'-ly 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



71 



un-luck'-y 

un-man' -age-a-ble 

un-man' -aged 

im-man'-like 

un-man' -ner-ly 

un-marked , 

un-mar'-ried 

un-mask' 

un-masked' 

un-mas'-ter-a-ble 

un-mas'-tered 

un-match'-a-ble 

un-matched' 

un-mean'-ing 

un-mea'-sured 

un-mer'-ci-ful 

un-mer'-ci-ful-ly 

un-mer'-ci-ful-ness 

un-mer'-it-ed 

un-mind'-ful 

un-min'-gle 

un-mit'-i-ga-ted 

un-mixed' 

un-moist' 

un-moist'-ened 

un-mo-lest'-ed 

un-moor' 

un-mort' -gaged 

un-mor'-ti-fied 

un-move'-a-ble 

un-moved' 

un-mov'-ing 

un-mourned' 

un-mu'-si-cal 



un-muz'-zle un- 

un-nat'-u-ral un- 

un-nat'-u-ral-ly un- 

un-nav'-i-ga-ble un- 

un-ne'-ces-sa-ry un- 

un-neigh'-bour-ly un- 

un-no'-ted un- 

un-ob-jec'-ted un- 

un-ob-served' un- 

un-ob-ser'-ving un- 

un-ob-struc'-ted un- 

un-oc'-cu-pied un- 

un-of-fen'-ding un- 

un-or'-tho-dox un- 

un-owned' un- 

un-pal'-a-ta-ble un- 

un-par'-don-a-ble un- 

un-par'-don-a-bly un- 

un-par'-doned un- 

un-par'-don-ing un- 

un-pas'-sa-ble un- 

un-pas'-sion-ate un- 

un-pas'-sion-ate-ly un- 

un-per-ceived' un- 

un-per-formed' un- 
un-phi-lo-soph'-i-cal un- 
un-phi-lo-soph'-i-cal- un- 

un-fine' [ly un- 

un-pit'-ied un- 

un-pi'-ty-ing un- 

un-pleas'-ant un- 

un-pleas'-ant-ly un- 

un-pleas'-ant-ness un- 

un-pleased' un- 



plea'-sing 

-pli'-ant 

■po-et'-ic 

•po-lite' 

■pop'-u-lar 

■pre-med'-i-ta-ted 

pre-pared' 

■pre-ten'-ding 

■pre-ven'-ted 

prin'-ci-pled 

■prof'-i-ta-ble 

•prof'-i-ta-bly 

■pro-pi' -tious 

■proved' 

•pro- vide' 

•pro-vi'-ded 

■pro-voked' 

■pro-vo'-king 

pun-ished 

■qual'-i-fied 

■qual'-i-fy 

■quench' -a-ble 

quenched' 

ques'-ti on-able 

-ques'-tioned 

■qui'-et 

•qui -et-ly 

■qui'-et-ness 

rav'-el 

read' 

■re' -al 

■rea'-son-a-ble 

rea'-son-a-bly 

re-freshed' 



72 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



un-re-gar'-ded 

un -re -geri -er-ate 

un-re-len'-ting 

un-re-pent'-ing 

un-re-pent'-ed 

un-re-pi'-ning 

un-re-plen'-ished 

un-re-pri e v' -a-ble 

un-re-proached' 

un-re-proach'-a-ble 

un-re-prove' -a-ble 

un-re-proved' 

un-re-pug'-nant 

un-rep'-u-ta-ble 

un-re-served' 

un-re-ser'-ved-ly 

un-re-sis'-ted 

un-re-sis'-ting 

un-re-sol'-va-ble 

un-re-solved' 

un-re-strained' 

un-re-vealed' 

un-re-venged' 

un-rev'-er-end 

un-rev'-er-ent-ly 

un-re-voked' 

un-rid'-dle 

un-right'-eous 

un-right'-eous-ly 

un-rip' 

iin-ripe' 

un-ri'-pened 

un-ripe'-ness 

un-ruf'-fle 



un-ruf'-fled 

un-ru'-ly 

un-safe' 

un-safe' -ly 

un-said' 

un-sa-lu'-ted 

un-sanc'-ti-fled 

un-sat'-is-fied 

un-sat-is-fac' -to-ry 

un-sat'-is-fy-ing 

un-sa'-vou-ry 

un-say' 

un-schooled' 

un-scorched 

un-screened 

un -scrip' -tu-ral 

un-seal' 

un-search' -a-ble 

un-sea'-son-a-bly 

un-sea'-son 

un-se-cure' 

un-see'-ing 

un-seem'-ly 

un-seen' 

im-sel'-fish 

un-sep'-a-ra-ted 

un-ser'-vice-a-ble 

un-set'-tle 

un-set'-tled 

un-sha'-ken 

un-shac'-kle 

un-sha'-pen 

un-sheath' 

un-shel'-tered 



un-shield'-ed 

un-shocked' 

un-shod' 

un-shook' 

un- shorn' 

un-shot' 

un-shrink'-ing 

un-sift'-ed 

un-sight'-ly 

un-skil'-ful 

un-skil'-ful-ly 

un-slaked' 

un-sleep'-ing 

un-slip'-ping 

un-so'-ci-a-ble 

un-so'-ci-a-bly 

un-soiled' 

un-so-phis'-ti-ca-ted 

un-sought' 

un-sound' 

un-spared' 

un-speak'-a-ble 

un-speak' 

un-speak'-a-bly 

un-spot'-ted 

un-sta'-ble 

un-staid' 

un-stained' 

un-stead'-fast 

un-stead'-i-ly 

un-strung' 

un-struck' 

un-stud'-ied 

un-stuffed' 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



73 



un-suc-ceed'-ed 
un-suc-cess'-ful 
un-suc-cess -ful-Jy 
un-sui'-ta-ble 
un-sui'-ting 
un-sung' 
un-sunned' 
un-sup-plan'-ted 
un-sup-plied' 
un-sup-por t' -a-ble 
un-sup-port' -a-bly 
un-sup-port'-ed 
un-sus-pec'-ting 
un-sus-cep'-ti-ble 
un-sus-pi'-cious 
un-sus-tained' 
un-swathe' 
un-s way '-a-ble 
un-sway'-ed 
un-swept' 
un -tame '-a-ble 
un-tamed' 
un-dust'-ed 
un-taught' 
un-teach' -a-ble 
un-ten' -a-ble 
un-tbank'-ful 
un-thank' -ful-ly 
un-think' 
un-think' -ing 
un-tie' 
un-tied' 
un-tir 
un-time'-ly 
7 



un-tinged' 

un-tir' -a-ble 

un- tired' 

un-told' 

un-touched' 

un-to-ward 

un-to'-ward-ly 

un-trace' -a-ble 

un-traced' 

un-trac'-ta-ble 

un-trained 

un-trav'-elled 

un-tried' 

un-trod' 

un-trod' -den 

un-troub'-led 

un-tru'-ly 

un-truth' 

un-tu'-n a-ble 

un-turned' 

un-tu'-to-red 

un- twine' 

un-ty' 

un-vail' 

un-val'-u-a-ble 

un-van'-quished 

un-va'-ried 

un-var-nished' 

un-va'-ry-ing 

un-veil' 

un-veil'-ed-ly 

un-ven'-ti-la-ted 

un-versed' 

un-vexed' 



un-vi-o -la-ted 

un-vis'-it-ed 

un-urged' 

un-used' 

un-u'-su-al 

un-wa'-ri-ly 

un -war' -like 

un-weaned' 

un- war' -rant-a-ble 

u n - wa r ' -r an t-a-bl y 

un-waZ-rant-ed 

un-wa'-ry 

un-washed' 

un-weak'-en-ed 

un-wear'-ied 

un-wel'-come 

un-wept' 

un-whipt' 

un-whole'-some 

un-wield'-y 

un-wil'-ling 

un-wil'-ling-ly 

un-wind' 

un-wiped' 

un-wise' 

un-wise'-ly 

un-w r ish' 

un- wished' 

un-wit'-ting-ly 

un-wont'-ed 

un-wor' -shipped 

un-wor' -thi-ly 

un-wor'-thi-ness 

un-wor' -thy 



74 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



un-wound' 


up-land'-ish 


ur-ban'-i-ty 


un-wound'-ed 


up-lay' 


ur'-chin 


un-wreath' 


up-lift' 


urge 


un-writ'-ten 


up' -most 


ur'-gen-cy 


un- wrought' 


up-on' 


ur-'gent 


un-wrung' 


up'-per-most 


urn 


un-yield'-ed 


up' -right 


us 


un-yoke' 


up'-right-ly 


ush'-er 


un-yoked' 


up-right' -ness 


ut'-most 


un-zoned' 


up-rise' 


ut'-ter 


up-braid' 


up' -roar 


ut'-ter-a-ble 


up-braid'-er 


up-root' 


ut'-ter-ance 


up -braid' -ing-ly 


up' -shot 


ut'-ter-er 


up-hold' 


up' -side-down 


ut-ter-ly 


up-hol'-ster-er 


up-start' 


ut'-ter-most 


up'-land 


up-ward' 





EXERCISES ON THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON. 

Select the adjectives from the fore-going words, and write 
them in the three Degrees of Comparison, either singly, or 
in composition with other words. 



PRONOUNS. 

Pronouns are words used instead of nouns, to prevent the 
too frequent repetition of the same word : as, The Teacher 
is learned ; he instructs us well. 

There are three kinds of pronouns : the Personal, the Rela- 
tive, and the Adjective pronouns. 

PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

The personal pronoun is used alone, instead of the noun it 

represents : as, Mary is good ; she is loved by her companions. 

Personal pronouns admit of gender, number, person, and 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 75 

case : there are five of them, i", Thou, He, She, or It, with their 
plurals, We, Ye or You, They. 

There are three persons in each of the numbers. 
Singular, 

J is the First Person. 

Thou is the Second Person. 

He masc, She fern., or it neuter, the Third Person. 
Plural. 

We is the First Person. 

Ye or you the Second Person. 

They the Third Person. 

Personal pronouns have three cases, and are thus declined : 

FIRST PERSON. 

Singular. Plural. 

Nominative. I. We. 

Possessive. Mine. Ours. 

Objective. Me. Us. 

SECOND PERSON. 

Singular. Plural. 

Nominative. Thou. Ye or you. 

Possessive. Thine. Yours. 

Objective. Thee. You. 

THIRD PERSON MASCULINE. 

Singular. Plural. 

Nominative. He. They. 

Possessive. His. Theirs. 

Objective. Him. Them. 

THIRD PERSON FEMININE. 

Singular Plural. 

Nominative. She. They. 

Possessive. Hers. Theirs. 

Objective. Her. Them. 



76 GRAMBIAR AND COMPOSITION. 

THIRD PERSON NEUTER. 

Singular. Phiral. 

Nominative. It. They. 

Possessive. Its. Theirs. 

Objective. It. Them. 

RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 

Eelative pronouns are such as relate to some word or 
phrase going immediately before, which is thence called the 
antecedent : they are Who, Which, That, and What. 

Who, is applied to persons, Which to animals and inani- 
mate things : as, He is a friend ivho is faithful in adversity. 
The bird which sung so sweetly is flown. This is the tree 
ivhich produces no fruit. 

That, is applied to both persons and things. Modesty is a 
quality that highly adorns a woman. The estate that became 
his portion. 

What, is a compound relative, including both the antecedent 
and the relative : as, This is what I wanted : that is, the thing 
which I wanted. 

Who is of both numbers, and is thus declined ; 

Nominative. Who. ) Which, 

Possessive. Whose. > That, and 

Objective. Whom. ) What, are not varied. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

The Diphthong 01, as heard in Boy. 
In the early period of life we distinguish male children bv 
the term Boy. This period is also called the spring of life : 
it is the time when the seeds of good and evil, are being sown 
in the mind and heart. How much gratitude is due to pa- 
rents and teachers for directing us aright, and selecting proper 
books for us to read i Every thing children see or hear, 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 77 

inakes a lasting- impression on the mind, for good or ill. In 
our gardens, we select such seeds as we know, will produce 
certain flowers, then why not be as careful in forming the 
character of the young ! 

Birds know the kind of food necessary for their young 
before they can fly, and bring it to them : and even little 
insects select the kind of leaf that is proper to nourish their 
young, and upon which they are sure to deposit their eggs. 
Let every young person remember the saying of the Apostle, 
" As we sow, so shall we also reap." 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSON. 

Which words contain the diphthong oi or oy ? 
What are pronouns ? 
Which of the words are pronouns ? 
How are pronouns divided ? 
Which are personal pronouns ? 
How many personal pronouns are there ? 
How many are there in each of the numbers ? 
Repeat them. Which is the first person ? 
Which is the second person ? 
Which is the third person ? — Singular and plural. 
How many cases have personal pronouns ? 
Decline I, Thou, He, She, It, They. 
Which are relative pronouns ? 
How is who applied ? — Examples. 
How r is which applied ? — Examples. 
How is that applied ? — Examples. 
Which kind of a pronoun is what ? — Examples. 
Of what number is ivho ? 
How is toko declined ? 
How is which declined ? 
How are that and tohat declined ? 
7* 



78 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



Words containing the Diphthong 01: or, 
Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dic- 
tation and Subjects for Composition. 



Hkl 


joint 


point' -er 


oil-col' -our 


joint' -ed 


poi'-son 


oil'-i-ness 


joint' -ly 


poi'-son-er 


oil'-man 


. joint' -ness 


poi'-son-ous 


oil'-y 


joint' -ure 


poi'-son-ous-ly 


oil'-y-grain 


joist 


poin'-trel 


oil'-y-palm 


j°y 


poise 


boil 


joy'-ance 


quoif 


boil'-er 


joy' -fill 


quoif'-fure 


bois'-te-rous 


joy'-ful-ly 


quoit 


bois'-te-rous-ly 


joy'-ful-ness 


quoin 


boy 


joy' -less 


rois'-ter 


boy'-ish 


joy'-ous 


roy'-al 


boy'-ish-ly 


loin 


roy'-al-ist 


coif 


loi'-ter 


roy'-al-ly 


coifed' 


loi'-ter-er 


roy'-al-ty 


coif'-fure 


loy'-al 


soil 


coil 


loy'-al-ly 


soil'-i-ness 


coin 


moist 


soil' -ure 


coin-age 


moist'-en 


toil 


coy 


moist' -ness 


toi'-let 


coy'-ly 


moist' -en-er 


toil' -some 


coy'-ness 


mois'-ture 


toy 


doi'-ly 


noise 


toy' -man 


foi'-ble 


noise' -less 


toy' -shop 


foil 


noi'-some 


voice 


foin 


noi'-some-ly 


void 


foist 


noi'-sy 


void'-a-ble 


hoist 


poign'-ant 


void'-er 


hoy 


point 


voi-ture' 


join 


point'-ed 


voy'-age 


join'-er 


point' -ed-ly 


voy'-a-ger 


join'-e-ry 


point' -ed-ness 





ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 79 

EXERCISES ON THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF PRONOUNS. 

Select the different kinds of pronouns from the fore-going 
Lessons, and express them, either singly, or in composition 
with other words. 



ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

Adjective Pronouns always precede the Substantives to 
which they belong, except when separated by an Adjective. 
There are four sorts, viz : The Possessive, the Distributive, 
the Demonstrative, and the Indefinite. 

The Possessive are : My, Thy, His, Her, Our, Your, Their. 

The Distributive are : Each, Every, Either. 

The Demonstrative are : This, These^ That, Those, For- 
mer, Latter. 

The Indefinite are : Some, One, Any other, All, Such. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

The Diphthong OU, as heard in House. 

Houses are the regularly built habitations of human beings. 
Men in the savage state of society, live in open fields, or 
caves, as they now do in New Holland, and some parts of 
Africa. In a more advanced state, they erect huts, or kraals, 
which are sticks of wood, or poles joined at the top, and co- 
vered either with boughs, or the skins of animals. 

These tents, or moveable habitations, are made and carried 
from place to place. After farther improvement, permanent 
habitations are erected, from the substantial farm-house, made 
of logs, to those beautiful edifices which adorn many places, 
both in the Old and the New World. 



80 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



These are frequently Palaces, built with great skill, and 
adorned with all the beauty of advanced art and science : 
they are the abodes of the rich and powerful. 

The erection of such, has employed a great number of 
people, and they may be said to be, the repositories of genius 
and talent. 

QUESTIONS ON THE LESSONS. 

Which of the words contain the Diphthong OU ? 

Which are Adjective Pronouns ? 

How are they divided ? 

Which are the Possessive ? 

Which the Distributive ? 

Which the Demonstrative ? 

Which the Indefinite ? 

Words containing the diyhthong OU: or, 

Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dicta* 

Hon, and Subjects for Composition. 



our 


out'-er-most 


out-num'-ber 


our-selves' 


out-face' 


out-pour' 


our- self 


out-fly' 


out' -rage 


out 


out-go' 


out-ra'-geous 


out-bid' 


out-grow' 


out-reach' 


out-bid'-der 


out-land' -ish 


out-ride' 


out' -bound 


out-last' 


out-ri'-der 


out-brave' 


out'-law 


out-right' 


out-breathe' 


out'-law-ry 


out-run' 


out' -cast 


out' -leap 


out-sail' 


out' -cry 


out' -let 


out-sell' 


out-do' 


out' -line 


out-side' 


out-date' 


out-live' 


out-sleep' 


out'-er 


out-march' 


out-speed' 


out'-er-ly 


out' -most 


out-strip' 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH" LANGUAGE . 



81 



out-talk' 

out-vie' 

out- walk' 

out' -ward 

out'-ward-ly 

out-wear' 

out-weigh' 

out-wit' 

out' -work 

bough 

bought 

bounce 

bound 

bound'-a-ry 

boun'-den 

bound' -less 

boun'-te-ous 

boun'-te-ous-ly 

boun' -ti-ful 

boun'-ti-ful-ly 

boun'-ty 

bow 

bow' -els 

bow'-er 

bow'-e-ry 

couch 

coun'-cil 

coun'-sei 

coun'-sel-lor 

count 

coun'-te-nance 

coun'-ter 

coun-ter-act 

coun'-ter-feit 



coun -ter-feit-ed 

coun -ter-mand 

coun'-ter-march 

coun'-ter-pane 

coun'-ter-part 

coun'-ter-poise 

coun-ter-vail' 

coun'-ter-view 

count' -ess 

count' -ing-house 

count' -less 

count' -y 

cow 

cow-herd 

cow'-ard 

cow'-ard-ice 

cow'-ard-ly 

cowl 

cow' -slip 

doubt 

doubt' -er 

doubt' -fill 

doubt' -ing 

doubt'-less 

dough' -ty 

douce 

dow'-a-ger 

dow'-er 

dow'-e-ry 

dow'-er-less 

down 

down' -cast 

down-right 

down' -ward 



down'-y 

dow'-ry 

foul 

foul'-ness 

found 

found-a'-tion 

found' -er 

found' -e-ry 

found' -ling 

found' -ress 

fount 

foun'-tain 

fowl 

fowl'-er 

gout 

gou'-ty 

gown 
gowned' 

hound 
hour 
hour' -glass 

home'-ly 
hour' -plate 
house 

house -hold 
house-hold -er 
house-keep' -ing 
house' -less 
house' -wife 
house'-wife-ry 
how 

how-beit' 
how-ev'-er 
howl 



82 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



loud 

loud'-ness 

mound 

mount 

moun'-tain 

moun-tain-eer' 

moun'-tain-ous 

mouse 

mous'-er 

mouth 

mow 

noun 

now 

pounce 

pound 

pound' -er 

pow'-der 

pou' -ter 

pout 

pow'-er 

pow'-er-ful -ly 

pow'-er-ful 

pow'-er-ful-ness 



pow'-er-less 

round 

round-a-bout' 

round' -el 

roun' -de-lay 

round' -er 

round' -house 

round'-ly 

round' -ness 

rouse 

rout 

route 

sound 

sound' -board 

sound' -ing 

sound' -ly 

sound' -ness 

sour 

sour'-ness 

souse 

south 

south' -ing 

south'-ward 



show'-er 

shout 

shout' -er 

show'-e-ry 

shroud 

south'-west 

tow' -el 

tow'-er 

town 

town' -ship 

town' -house 

town' -talk 

vouch 

vouch'-er 

vouch-safe' 

vouch-safe' -ment 

vow 

vow' -el 

vow'-ed 

wound 

wound' -er 

wound' -ed 



EXERCISES UPON ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

Select the Adjective Pronouns from the fore-going lessons 
and write them in composition with other words. 



VERBS. 
Verbs are either Active, Passive, or Neuter. 
An Active Verb expresses action, exerted by an agent, or 
actor, upon an object : as, A Child loves her Mother. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. S3 

A Passive Verb expresses the receiving of the action of an 
Active Verb, by the object : as, The Mother is loved by her 
Child. 

A Neuter Verb expresses action which is confined to the 
agent : as, The man walks : The birds fly. Or, it expresses 
simply being, or a state of being : as, I am : I sleep : I sit. 

.Verbs are also divided into Regular, Irregular, Defective, 
and Auxiliary. 

To Verbs belong Mood, Tense, Number, and Person. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

Ch, as heard in Churn. 
The churn is a household implement used among us, for 
the making of butter, which is done by agitating milk, and 
separating the cream, or oily particles, from the other parts. 
Butter, in Scripture, is mentioned among the good things of 
the promised land. 

The ancient method of making butter in Palestine was 
the same, according to travellers, as that which is still prac- 
tised by the Arabs. They put the milk or cream into goats' 
skins, turned inside out ; which they suspend from one 
side of the tent to the other, and passing them quickly to and 
fro, they soon separate the unctuous from the watery parts. 

Butter in hot countries is generally liquid. In India, it is 
called Ghee, and is mostly prepared from the milk of buffaloes. 
In the East, butter and honey are to this day mixed together, 
and eaten with bread dipped in it. 

In the Levant, they tread upon the skins, which produces 
the same effect. 

QUESTIONS ON THE LESSONS. 

Which words contain the sound of Ch as heard in Churn? 



84 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



How are verbs divided ? — Examples. 
What is an Active Verb ? — Examples. 
What is a Passive Verb ? — Examples. 
What is a Neuter Verb ? — Examples. 
What properties belong to verbs ? — Examples. 
How is the Passive Verb conjugated ? 



Words containing the sound of Ch : or, 

Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dic- 
tation, and Subjects for Composition. 

Ch, with the First Sound of A. 



chafe 
cha'-fer 
cha-fing-dish 
chain 

chain'-shot 
chain' -work 
chair 
chair' -man 



cham'-ber 
cham'-ber-lain 
change 
change' -a-ble 
change' -a-bly 
change' -ling 
chape 
char 



char'-wo-man 
cha'-ri-ness 
cha'-ry 
chase 
cha'-ser 
chaste 
chaste' -]y 
chaste' -ness 



Ch, with the Second bound of A. 



chal'-dron 
char 

char' -coal 
charge 
charge' -a-ble 
charge' -a-bly 
char'-ger 



charles'-wain 
charles 
charm 
charm' -er 
charm' -ing 
charm' -ing-ly 



charm' -ing-ness 

char'-nel 

ehar'-nel-house 

chart 

char'-ter 

char'-ter-ed 



chalk 



Ch, with the Third Sound of A. 
ehal'-ky chaw 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



85 



chaff * 

chaf -fer 

chaf -fer-er 

chaf -finch 

chal'-ice 

chal'-lenge 

chal'-len-ger 

cha-lyb'-e-ate 

cham'-paign 

cham'-pion 

chance 

chan'-cel 

chan'-cel-lor 

cheap 
cheat 
cheat' -er 
cheek 
cheer 
cheer' -er 

check 
check' -er 
cher'-ish 
cher'-ish-er 
cher'-ry 

chide 
chi'-der 
child 
child' -hood 



Ch, with the Fourth Sound of A. 



chan'-ce-ry 
chan'-nel 
char'-i-ta-ble 
char'-i-ta-bly 
chant 
chant' -er 
chan-ti'-cleer 
chan' -tress 
chan'-try 
chap' -el 
chap'-i-ter 
chap' -lain 
chap' -Iain-ship 

Ch, with the Fi?*st Sound of E 



chap' -let 

chap'-man 

chap'-ter 

chap-'trel 

char'-i-ty 

chat 

chat'-tel 

chat'-ter 

chat'-ter-er 

chas'-tise-ment 

chas'-ti-ty 

chas-ti'-ser 



cheer' -ful 
cheer' -fully 
cheer'-ful-ness 
cheer'-less 
cheer' -ly 
cheese 



cheese -mon-ger 

chee'-sy 

che-ru'-bic 

chief 

chief '-ly 

chief -tain 



Ch, with the Second Sound of E. 

cher'-ub chess' -man 

cher'-u-bim 

cher'-up 

chess 

chess' -board 



chess' -player 
chest 
chest' -nut 
chirp 

Ch, with the First Sound of I. 

child' -ish child' -like 

child'-ish-ly chime 

child' -ish-ness chi'-na 

child' -less chives 



86 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



Ch, with the second sound of I 
chink'-y chit 

chip chit' -chat 

chip' -ping chiv'-al-rous 

chis'-el chiv'-al-ry 

Ch, with the first sound of O. 

cho'-ker cho'-sen 

Ch, with the second sound of O. 

choos'-ing choos'-er 

Ch, with the fourth sound of 0. 

chol'-er chol'-e-ra chop 

Ch, with the second sound of U. 

church' -yard chur'-iish-ly 

churl churn 

churl' -ish 
Ch, with Y like the first sound of I. 

chy'-lous 

Ch, with Y like the second sound of I. 
chil-y-fac -tion chym'-ic-al chym'-is-try 

chym'-ic chym'-ist 

EXERCISES ON VERES. 

Select the Verbs from the foregoing words, and write them, 
in the Active, Passive, and Neuter forms, in composition with 
other words. 



chill 

chim'-ney 
chin 
chink 

choke 

choose 

choc'-o-late 

chuck' -le 
church 
church' -man 

chyle 



MOODS. 
Mood, or mode, is a particular form of the verb, showing 
the manner in which the being, action, or passion is repre- 
sented. There are five Moods of verbs. The 

Indicative, Subjunctive, 

Imperative , and 

Potential Infinitive. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 87 

The Infinitive Mood represents the action in an unlimited 
manner, without any reference to an agent, or actor : as, To 
walk. To think. To speak. To be feared. 

The Indicative Mood simply indicates, or declares an ac- 
tion : as, He loves. He is loved. 

The Imperative is used for commanding, exhorting, en- 
treating, or permitting : as, Depart thou. Let us stay. Go 
in peace. 

The Potential implies possibility, liberty, power, will, or 
obligation : as, It may rain. He may go or stay. I can ride. 
He would walk. They should learn. 

The Subjunctive represents the action, as subject to a 
condition, motive, wish, or supposition, and is preceded bv a 
conjunction expressed or understood, and attended by another 
verb: as, Though he chide me, I will respect him. If he 
were good, he would be happy, 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

Sh, as heard in Ship. 

Ships are used to carry things over the great waters : 
without them, we could not procure many things, that we 
think necessary to our comfort. Some one must cross the 
Ocean before we can have either Tea, Coffee, Sugar, or 
Spices ; or any of the knowledge, or science, in which the 
people of the Old World have been improving for ages. 

How much knowledge is necessary to build a ship, and 
guide it over the great seas! There are all the different 
materials employed in the making of it, and the art and sci- 
ences which are necessary for its construction ; and a know- 
ledge of Astronomy, that few possess ! Without it, no Sea- 
man could guide his ship to any destined port, for men must 
mark in the Heavens, their way upon the trackless deep. 



88 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



The fixed stars have never, to us, changed their position 
in relation to each other, and by them, a sailor can always 
tell where he is, when out of sight of land. The planets are 
also used in nautical calculations. These silent sentinels 
keep watch, and ever point the way. 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

Which words contain the sound of Sh, as heard in Ship. 
What is mood or mode ? 
How many moods are there ? 

How does the Infinitive Mood represent the action ? — Ex- 
amples. 

How does the Indicative ? — Examples 
How does the Imperative ? — Example 
How does the Potential ? — Examples. 
How does the Subjunctive? — Examples. 

Words containing the sound of Sh, as heard in Ship : or, 
Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation , with Words for Dic- 
tation, and Subjects for Composition. 

Sh, with the first sound of A. 



shade 






shame' -ful-ly 


shape'-less 


sha'-di-] 


aess 




shame'-less 


share 


sha'dy 


• 




shame' -less-ly 


sha'-rer 


shake 






shame-faced 


shave 


shame 






shame'-faced-ness 


sha'-ver 


shame'- 


■ful 




shape 


sha'-ving 






Sh, 


with the second sound of A. 


shard 






sharp' -en 


sharp-set' 


shark 






sharp' -ly 


sharp-sight' -ed 


sharp 






sharp' -n ess 


sharp- vis' -aged 






Sh 


, with the third sound of A. 


shalm 






shaw 


shawm 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



89 



Sh, with the fourth sound of A. 
shac'-kle shalt shank 

shad sham shat'-ter 

shad'-ow sha-green' shall 

shad'-o-wy shal-loon' shal'-low 

shaft sha'-mois shal'-low-ness 

Ch, like Sh, with the first sound of A. 



eha-grin' 


cha-grined' chaise 


Ch, 

eba-niois' 

char-la-tan 


like Sh, ivith the fourth sound of A. 
char-la-tan' -i-cal chan-de-lier f 
chap'-e-ron 


shear 
shear' -er 
sheath 
sheathe 
sheath-winged 
shea '-thy 


Sh, with the first sound ofE. 

sheep sheep'-ish-ness 
sheep' -cot sheer 
sheep' -fold sheet 
sheep' -hook sheet-anch'-or 
sheep' -ish shield 


shine 
shi'-ny 


Sh, with the first sound of I. 
shy sky 




Sh, with the second sound of I. 


shin'-gle 

ship 

shit'-tim 


ship' -board ship-ma s'-ter 
ship' -ping ship' -wright 
shiv'-er 


shoal 
shoal' -y 
shore 


Sh, with the first sound ofO< 
shore' -less show 
shoul'-der sbow-y 
shoul'-der-blade show'-ish 



90 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



shoe 

shoe'-boy 
shoe' -maker 



short 
short' -en 



shock 

shod 

shop 



shud'-der 
shuf'-flo 
shuf'-fler 
shun 



shriek 

shrine 

shrift 
shrill 
shrir-ly 

shrove 

shrub 
shrub' -by 



Sh, with the second sound of O. 
shook shrewd 

shoot shrew' -ish 

shrew shrewd' ly 

Sh, with the third sound of O. 

short' -lived short -sight'-ed 

short'-ly 

Sh, with the fourth sound of O. 

shop' -board shot 

* shop' -book shot-' free 

shop'-keep-er 

Sh, with the sound of U. 

shun' -less shut' -tie-cock 

shut shove 

shut'-ter shov'-el-ler 

shut' -tie shov'-el 

Shr, with the first sound o/'E. 

shriek-ed shriek'-ing 

Shr, with the first sound of I. 
shrive shri'-ver 

Shr, with the second sound of I. 
shrill' -ness shriv'-el 

shrimp 
shrink 

Shr, with the first sound ofO. 
shrove'-tide 

Shr, with the second so?ind of U. 

shrug shrunk' -en 

shrunk 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 91 

EXERCISES ON THE MOODS. 

Select the verbs from the fore-going words, and write them 
in the different moods, either singly or in composition with 
other words. 



TENSE. 
Tense is the distinction of time. 
In the English language there are Six Tenses, viz : 
The Present, Pluperfect, 

Imperfect, First Future, 

Perfect, and Second Future. 

The Present Tense represents an action, event, or quality, 
at present existing : I rule : I am ruled : I think : I fear : 
He is an able man. She is an amiable woman. 

The Imperfect Tense represents the action, event, or 
quality, either as passed and finished, or as remaining un- 
finished at a certain time past : as, He ruled his people well. 
They were walking in the garden, when I saw them. The 
pupil was happy when at school. 

The Perfect Tense refers to finished action, in present, or 
unfinished time, whether it be to-day, during the present 
week, month, year, or age : as, I have travelled many miles 
this year. Great inventions have been made during the 
present century. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

Zh, as heard in Asia. 
Asia. 
This large division of the globe, which was the cradle of 
the human race, occupies the Northern, Eastern, and South- 
ern part of the Eastern Continent. 



92 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

It is supposed to contain 16,000,000 of square miles, and 
to be inhabited by more than one-half of the population of the 
earth. 

It contains many empires and kingdoms, occupied by peo- 
ple of different languages, religions, and customs. 

As the birth-place of our race, it has been the centre ot 
science, law, and religion, which still continue, to irradiate 
the world. 

It was the scene of all the wonders of the Jewish dispen- 
sation ; the birth-place of those revelations, which still teach 
us the will of our Creator, and shed over our lives some of 
the best hopes of man. It was in Asia that Mahomet es- 
tablished, by the sword, the religion of the Koran, which has 
been received by millions there, as the true faith. 

Many primitive customs yet remain in this land of the 
ancient faith, and while some of its manufactures are the 
most beautiful in the world, viz : the Shawls of Cashmere, 
the Porcelain of China, and the Steel of Damascus, yet the 
internal commerce of the country is carried on, as it was, be- 
fore the days of Abraham, by caravans. 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

Which words contain the sound of Zh ? 

What is Tense ? 

How many Tenses are there used in English ? 

How does the Present Tense represent an action, event, 
or quality ? — Examples. 

How does the Imperfect Tense represent action, &c. ?— 
Examples. 

How is the Perfect used? — Examples. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



93 



Words containing the Sound of Zh : or, 
Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dicta- 
tion, and Subjects for Composition 

Zh. 

a'-zure en-thu' -si-asm phys-i-o-lo'-gi-cal 

-sier en-thu' -si-ast phys-i-ol'-o-gist 

-u-al en-thu-si-as'-ti-cal phys-i-ol'-o-gy 



bra' 
cas 
cas 
cas' 
cas 
cas 



■u-al-ly 

-u-ist 

-u-ist-i-eal 

-u-ist-ry 
clo'-sure 
col-lis'-ion 
com-po'-sure 
con-clu'-sion 
con-fu'-sion 
cro'-sier 
de-lu'-sion 
di- vis' -ion 
dis-clo'-sure 
dis-pleas'-ure 
ef-fu'-sion 



e-va -sion 

ex-clu'-sion 

ex'-plo-sion 

gla'-zier 

gra'-zier 

in-fu'-sion 

ob-tru'-sion 

oc-ca'-sion 

oc-ca'-sion-al 

oc-ca'-sion-al-ly 

o'-sier 

per-sua'-sion 

phy s-i-og' -no-my 

phys-i-og' -no-mist u'-su-ry 



pro-fu'-sion 

pleas' -ure 

pleas' -ure-able 

re-vi'-sion 

ro'-se-ate 

scis'-sion 

seiz'-ure 

treas'-ure 

treas'-u-ry 

treas'-u-rer 

u'-su-al 

u'-su-al-ly 

u'-su-rer 



EXERCISES ON THE TENSES. 

Select the Verbs from the fore -going words, and write 
them in the Present, Imperfect, and Perfect Tenses, either 
singly, or in composition with other words. 



TENSES CONTINUED. 
The Pluperfect Tense represents a thing, not only as past 
and finished, but also as prior to some other past tense, spe- 
cified in the sentence : as, I had finished my letter, before 
my friend arrived. 



94 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

The First Future represents the action as yet to come, 
either with or without respect to the precise time when : as, 
The sun will rise to-morrow. I shall see them again. 

The Second Future intimates that the action will be fully 
accomplished at, or before, the time of another future action, 
or event: as, I shall have finished my work at 5 o'clock; 
then I will come and see you. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

NG, as in King. 
A king is a chief ruler of a tribe, or nation, in many coun- 
tries of the world. At first, the power of kings was very 
limited, extending over but one city, or large village. Ben- 
hadad, king of Syria, had thirty-two kings subject to him. 
1 Kings xx. 16. In Canaan, Adonizebek conquered seventy 
kings, and made them eat bread under his table. — Judges 
i. 7. Joshua conquered thirty-one. — Joshua xii. Nimrod, 
king of Babylon, was the first king we read of, but soon 
after we find kings in Egypt, Persia, Canaan, Edom, &c. 
In the East, kings were supposed to have uncommon wis- 
dom, and malefactors were not permitted to look upon them. 
When the Hebrews were raised to be a nation, God himself 
was their Lawgiver and King. " By Moses and the prophets, 
was his mind or will declared unto them." After the He- 
brews had been under this government about 400 years, 
they wished to have a king, like the nations around them. 
Hosea the prophet, says, " God gave them a king in his 
anger." 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

Which words contain the sound NG ? 
How does the Pluperfect Tense represent action ? — Exam- 
ple. 

How the First Future ? — Examples. 
How the Second Future ? — Examples. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



95 



Words containing the sound of NG : or, 

Exercises in the elements of the language, words for dictation, and 

subjects for composition. 



a-bi'-ding 


foam' -ing 


pud' -ding 


be'-ing 


gil'-ding 


rang 


be-hold'-ing 


gin'-seng 


see'-ing 


bed' -ding 


giv'-ing 


sing 


bi'-ding 


gra'-ting 


sing 7 -ing 


bid' -ding 


hang 


some' -thing 


bleed' -ing 


hold 


song 


breath' -ing 


hung 


spring 


bring'-ing 


king'-dom 


sprung 


build' -ing 


la'-cing 


stand' -ing 


clang 


la' -ding 


strong 


clo' -thing 


land'-ing 


swing 


cod'-dling 


laud' -ing 


swing'-ing 


con-ver'-ging 


lead' -ing • 


thing 


com' -ing 


long 


think' -ing 


de-sign' -ing 


lodg'-ing 


tongs 


duck' -ling 


lord' -ling 


tra'-ding 


dy'-ing 


mouth' -ing 


trem'-bling 


end' -ing 


pang 


twang 


edg'-ing 


par' -ting 


wad' -ding 


ex-ceed'-ing 


pier'-cing 


war'-ring 


fa'-cing 


plead' -ing 


wring 


far' -thing 


prais'-ing 


wrong 


first 


pre-ce'-ding 


wrung 


flung 


pro-ceed'-ing 


young 



EXERCISES ON THE TENSES. 



Select the Verbs from the fore-going words, and write 
them in the Pluperfect, First Future, and Second Future 
Tenses, either singly, or in composition with other words. 



96 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

PARTICIPLES. 

The Participle is a certain form of the verb, and derives its 
name from its participating, not only the properties of the verb, 
but also those of the adjective ; as, I am desirous of knowing 
him. Admired and applauded, he became vain. Having 
finished his work, he submitted it. 

There are three Participles : the Present, the Perfect, and 
the Compound Perfect : as, Loving, Loved, Having Loved. 

The Present Participles denote unfinished action. 
The Perfect Participles denote finished action. 
The Participle as a verb, expresses time ; as an adjective, it 
expresses quality. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

Th sharp, as heard in Truth. 

When George Washington-, the Founder and Father of 
our Republic, was about six years of age, some one made him 
a present of a hatchet. Being, like most other children, fond 
of cutting and chopping, he went about, trying his hatchet on 
every thing he met ; and going into the garden, he tried its 
edge on an old English cherry-tree, stripping it of its bark, 
and leaving little hope of its recovery. 

The next morning, when his father saw the tree in this 
condition, he inquired who had done the mischief, declaring 
he would not have taken G.ve guineas for the tree ; but no 
one could inform him of the offender. 

At length, however, came George, with the hatchet in his 
hand, into the place where his father was ; who immediately 
suspected him to be the culprit. " George," said the old 
gentleman, " do you -know who has cut that beautiful little 
cherry-tree yonder in the garden ?" The child hesitated 
for a moment, and then nobly replied, " I can't tell a lie, 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



97 



father ! You know I can't tell a lie. I cut it with my 
hatchet." "Come to me, my hoy!" exclaimed his father, 
" Come to me ! I forgive you for destroying the tree, since 
you have had the honesty and manliness to tell the truth !" 

, The fruit of this noble nature, and these noble sentiments, 
are best found, in the reading of the History of our Country. 

QUESTIONS ON THE LESSONS. 

Which words contain the sound of Th sharp ? 

What is a Participle ? — Why is it so called ? 

How many participles are there? — Examples. 

How does the Present Participle express time ? 

How do the Perfect and Compound Perfect express time ? 

What does the Participle as a verb, express ? 

What does the Participle as an adjective, express ? 

Words containing Th sharp : or, 

Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dicta- 
tion, and Subjects for Composition. 

Th, ivith the First Sound of K. 
thane 

Th, with the Third Sound of A. 
thwart' -ing thwart thwart' -in g-ly thaw 

Th, yjith the Fourth Sound of A. 
thank thank-of'-fer-ing thrash 

thank' -ful thanks' -giv -ing thrash' -er 

thank' -ful-ly thank' -wor- thy thwack 

thank' -ful-ness thatch 

thank' -less thatch' -er 

Th, with the First Sound ofE. 
the-at'-ral the-at'-ric the-oc'-ra-cy 

the' -a-tre the-at' -ric-al-ly the-o-crat' -i-cal 

the-at'-ri-cal theme the-od'-o-Hte 



9S 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



the-og'-o-ny 




the-o-ret'-i-cal 


thief 


the-ol'-o-ger 




the-o-ret'-ic 


thiev'-e-ry 


the-o-lo'-gian 




the-o-ret'-i-cal-ly 


thiev'-ish 


the-o-lo'-gi-cal 


the*-o-rist 


thiev'-ish-ly 


the-ol'-o-gist 




the'-o-ry 


thiev'-ing-ly 


the-o'-logue 




the-ri'-a-cal 


three 


the-ol'-o-gy 




the'-sis . 


three' -fold 


the-or'-bo 




the'-ses 


three' -score 


the'-o-rem 




the'-ur-gy 






Th ; 


with the second sound o/*E. 


thread 




threat' -en-ing-ly 


ther-a-peu'-tic 


thread'-bare 




threat' -ful 


ther-mom'-e-ter 


threat 




three'-pence 


ther-mo-met-ri -cal 


threat' -en 




thresh' -er 


ther' -mo-scope 


threat' -en-er 




thresh' -old 




threat' -en-ing 




theft 






Th 


, with the first sound of I. 


thigh 




thrive 


thri'-ving-ly 


thrice 




thri'-ver 




• 


Th, 


with the second sound of I. 


thick 




thing 


thrift' -ly 


thick -en 




think 


thrift' -ness 


thick' -et 




think' -er 


thrift' -less 


thick' -ly 




think'-ing 


thrif'-ty 


thick' -set 




thin'-ly 


thrill " 


thim'-ble 




thin'-ness 


this'-tle 


thin 




thrift 




„ 


Th ; 


, with the first sound 


b/o: 


throat 




throne 


throw 


throve 









Th, with the second, sound of O. 
through through'-ly through -out 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



99 



Th. with the fourth sound of O. 



throb 


thros'-tle 


throt'-tle 


throng 






Th 


, with the first sound, of U. 


thu-rif'-e-rous 


thu-rif -i-ca-tion 




Th, 


with the second sound of U. 


thrum 


thump 


thun'-der-er 


thrush 


thump'-er 


thurs'-day 


thrust 


thun'-der 




thumb 


thun'-der-bolt 
Th. s. 




be-think' 


ep'-i-thet 


in-thral'-ment 


booth 


eth'-i-cal 


lith'-arge 


breath 


e'-ther 


li-thog'-ra-phy 


broth 


e-the'-re-al 


math-e-mat'-ics 


ca-the'-dral 


e-the'-re-ous 


math-e-mat'-i-cal 


cath'-o-lic 


eth'-i-cal-ly 


me-theg'-lin 


cloth 


eth'-ick 


meth'-od 


dearth 


eth'-nic 


me-thod'-i-cal 


death 


forth 


meth'-o-dise 


death' -less 


forth -com'-ing 


meth'-o-dist 


death' -like 


forth' -with 


moth 


earth 


for'-ti -eth 


noth'-ing 


earth' -en 


frith 


oath 


earth' -ling 


girth 


oph-thal'-mia 


earth' -ly 


growth 


oph'-thal-my 


earth' -quake 


hath 


or'-tho-dox 


e-lev'-enth 


health 


or'-tho-dox-y 


en- thu' -si-asm 


health'-y 


or-thog'-ra-phy 


en-thu'-si-ast 


health'-ful 


path 


en-thu -si-ast-i-cal 


heath 


path-less 


ep-i-tha-la' -mi-um 


in-thrall' 


path-way 



100 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

pa-thet'-i-cal south' -ward worth' -less-ness 

pa-thet'-ic south-west' wrath 

pa-thol'-o-gist troth wrath' -ful 

pith troth' -plight wrath' -ful-ly 

pith-y truth wrath' -ful-ness 

pith'-i-ly un-der-neath' wreath 

pleth'-o-ra wealth youth 

pleth'-o-ric wealth' -y youth' -ful 

sooth' -say withe youth' -ful-ly 

sooth' -say -er worth ze'-nith 

south worth' -less 

EXERCISES ON THE PARTICIPLES. 

Select the Participles in the fore-going lessons, and write 
them either singly, or in composition with other words. 

NUMBER AND PERSON OF VERES. 

Verbs have two Numbers, the Singular, and the Plural : 
as, I run. We run. In each Number, there are three Per- 
sons : as, 

Singular. Plural. 

I love. We love. 

Thou lovest. Ye or you love. 

He or she loveth, or loves. They love. 

The First Person Singular, and the three Persons Plural 
in the Present Tense, of all verbs in the English language, 
(except the verb to be.) have the same form, as the verb has 
in the present of the Infinitive Mood : as, To love. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 
Singular. Plural. 

I love. We love. 

Ye or you love. 
They love. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 101 

The Second Person Singular, has the termination st : as, 
Thou lovest. The Third Person Singular has tk, or es : as, 
He or she loveth or loves. 

CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 

The Conjugation of a verb, is the regular combination and 
arrangement of its several Numbers, Persons, Moods, and 

Tenses. 

The Infinite Mood is used in two Tenses : as, 

Present, To write. Perfect, To have written. 

The Indicative Mood has six Tenses : as, 

Present, I love. ) e* 7 t> 

t /• , ti j c simple 1 enses. 

Imperfect, 1 loved. ) r 

Perfect, I have loved. First Future, I shall love. 

Pluperfect, I had loved. Second Future, I shall have loved. 

The Imperative is only used in the Present : as, 

Let me love. 

Love thou or do thou love. 

Let him love. 
The Potential has four Tenses : 

Present, I may or can love. 

Imperfect, I might, could or would love. 

Perfect, I may or can have loved. 

Imperfect, I might, could or would have loved. 
The Subjunctive is used in the Present and Second Fu- 
ture : as, 

Present, If I. love. 

Second Future, If I shall have loved. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

Th flat, as heard in Mother. 
Every child has a mother : a mother to whom God has 
given a kind and tender heart : a heart so full of good affec- 
9* 



102 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

tion, that there is nothing in the world like it. In infancy 
she watches over a helpless babe — a being whose wants can 
scarcely be numbered ; and yet no mother was ever weary, 
of supplying the wants of her child. And after years have 
passed away ; when the weak babe has become a youth, and 
is able to go out in the world, with what anxiety does a mo- 
th er'-s heart yearn over the well-being of her child ! What 
obedience, kindness, and attention can repay a mother! 
" Honour thy Father and Mother," is God's most righteous 
command. It is said the late Sultan of Turkey, barbarous 
as he was, made the following exclamation on the death of 
his mother : " Other losses may be repaired ; if a child die, 
God may give me another ; if a wife be taken away, she 
may be replaced ; but my mother ! nothing can be to me in 
place of my mother !" 



QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

Which words contain the flat sound of Th ? 

How many numbers have verbs ? 

How many persons in each of the numbers ? 

How is the First Person Singular of the Present Tense 
formed ? 

How is the Second formed? 

How is the Third formed ? 

How are the First, Second, and Third Persons Plural 
formed ? 

What is the Conjugation of a Verb? 

How many Tenses has the Infinitive Mood ? 

How many the Indicative ? 

How many the Imperative ? 

How many the Potential ? 

How many the Subjunctive ? 

Which are Simple Tenses ? 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, 



103 



Words containing the fiat Th : or, 
Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dic- 
tation and Subjects for Composition. 



blithe 

blithe' -some 

breathe 

clothe 

clo'-thier 

clo' -thing 

fath'-er 

fath'-er-ly 

fath'-om 

fath'-om-less 

fath'-er 

feath'-ered 

feath'-er-few 

feath'-er-y 

gath'-er 

gath'-er-er 

gath'-er-ing 

heath' -en 

heath' -en-ish 

heath' -en-ism 

hith'-er 

hith'-er-most 

hith'-er-to 

hith'-er-ward 



lithe 

loathe 

loath'-ful 

loath' -ing-ly 

loath'-some 

prith'-ee 

rath-er 

seeth 

seeth'-er 

smooth 

smooth' -ly 

smooth' -ness 

smoth'-ei 

sooth 

sooth' -er 

south' -er-ly 

south' -em 

south' -ing 

teth'-er 

tithe 

ti' -thing 

ti' -thing-man 

weath'-er 

weath'-er-beat -en 



weath'-er-cock 

weath'-er- gage 

weath-* er-glass 

weath'-er- wise 

wheth'-er 

whith'-er 

with 

with' -draw 

with'-ers 

with' -in 

with' -held 

with' -out 

wor'-thy 

wor-thi'-ly 

wor-thi'-ness 

wreathe 

wrea'-thy 

writhe 

them' -selves 

there' -by 

there 

thy 

thy' -self 



EXERCISES ON THE NUMBERS AND PERONS OF VERBS. 

Select the verbs in the fore-going Lessons, and. write them, 
in the different numbers and persons. 



104 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

AUXILIARY VERBS. 

Auxiliary Verbs are those by the help of which, English 
verbs are principally conjugated : They are do, be, have, 
shall, will, may and can, with their variations, and let and 
must, which have no variation. 

The Auxiliary Verb To Be is conjugated as follows : 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 
Present. To be. Perfect. To have been. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Present. Being. Perfect. Been. 

Compound Perfect. Having Been. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT TENSE. 

Singular. Plural. 

I am. We are. 

Thou art. Ye or you are. 

He, she, or it is. They are. 

IMPERFECT TENSE. 

Singular. Plural. 

I was. We were. 

Thou wast. Ye or you were. 

He was. They were. 

PERFECT TENSE. 

Singular, Phiral* 

I have been. We have been. 

Thou hast been. Ye or you have been. 

He has been. They have been. 

PLUPERFECT TENSE. 

Singular. Plural. 

I had been. We had been. 

Thou hadst been. Ye or you had been. 

He had been. They had been. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 105 

FIRST FUTURE. 

Singular. Plural. 

I shall be. We shall be. 

Thou shalt be. Ye or you shall be. 

He shall be. They shall be. 

SECOND FUTURE. 

I shall have been. We shall have been. 

Thou wilt have been. Ye or you will have been. 

He will have been. They will have been. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
PRESENT TENSE. 

Singular. Plural. 

Let me be. Let us be. 

Be thou, or do thou be. Be ye or you, or do ye be. 

Let him be. Let them be. 

POTENTIAL MOOD. 
PRESENT TENSE. 

Singular. Plural. 

I may or can be. We may or can be. 

Thou mayst or canst be. Ye or you may or can be. 

He may or can be. They may or can be. 

IMPERFECT TENSE. 

Singular. Plural. 

I might, could, would, or We might, could, would, or 

should be. should be. 

Thou mightst, couldst, would- Ye or you might, could, would 

st, or shouldst be. or should be. 

He might, could, would, or They might, could, would, or 

should be. should be. 

PERFECT TENSE. 

Singular. Plural. 

I may or can have been. We may or can have been. 

Thou mayst or canst have Ye or you may or can have 

been. been. 

He may or can have been. They may or can have been. 



106 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



PLUPERFECT TENSE. 



Singular. 
I might, could, would, or 

should have been. 
Thou mightst, couldst, would- 

st, or should have been. 
He might, could, would, or 

should have been. 



Plural. 
We might, could, would, or 

should have been. 
Ye or you might, could, would, 

or should have been. 
They might, could, would, or 

should have been. 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
PRESENT TENSE. 

Singular. Plural. 

If I be. If we be. 

If thou be. If ye or you be. 

If he be. If they be. 

IMPERFECT TENSE. 

Singular. Ptural. 

If I were. If we were. 

If thou wert. If ye or you were. 

If he were. If they were. 

SECOND FUTURE. 

Singular. Plural. 

If I shall have been. If we shall have been- 

If thou shalt have been. If ye or you shall have been. 

If he shall have been. If they shall have been. 



LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

The Sound of~P,as heard in 'Printing. 

This art, though unknown in Europe until towards the 
middle of the fifteenth century, was practised in China at an 
extremely remote period ; and in the unchangeable habits of 
the Chinese, it still remains the same. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 107 

They print from engraved blocks of wood, and their books 
are said to be uncommonly correct and beautiful. 

But although thus early known in China, Europeans have 
had the honour of inventing this art for themselves; which 
they did, before the passage to the East Indies, by the Cape 
of Good Hope, was discovered 

Three cities in Europe claim the honour of this invention : 
Harlaem, Mentz, and Strasburg. 

Laurentius Coster, John Gienfliesh, aided by John Faust, 
a wealthy citizen of Mentz, and John Guttemberg, divide the 
honour among them. 

The following account may throw some light on the in- 
vention, and show that important things come sometimes 
without premeditation on the part of man : 

" Laurentius walking in a wood near the city, began to cut 
some letters, at first for pastime, upon the bark of a beech- 
tree, and pressed them on some paper he had ; struck with 
the effect of this, he cut and printed one or two words for 
his grand-children. He then made a glutinous ink, as he 
found the common ink spread ; and then formed whole pages 
of wood, with letters cut on them:" 

In the infancy of the art, they only printed on one side of 
the paper, and pasted the blank sides together. 

The exact period of this invention is not known. Lauren- 
tius died in 1440: he was a native of Harlaem. In 1462, 
Faust sold an edition of the Bible at Paris : it was printed at 
Mentz, in manuscript letter. The prices he obtained at first 
for them, was from 500 to 600 crowns each ; but when the 
people saw them multiplied with so much rapidity, Faust was 
obliged to reduce the price, and was finally compelled to leave 
the city, on a charge of magic, in the rapid production of his 
books. 



108 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

Which words contain the sound of P? 

What are Auxiliary Verbs ? 

Which are they? 

What is the form of verb To Be, in the Infinitive Mood ? 

Repeat the Participles. 

Conjugate in the Indicative Mood, through all the Tenses. 

In the Imperative. 

In the Potential. 

In the Subjunctive. 

Words containing the sound of P : or, 

Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dicta- 
tion, and Subjects for Composition. 

P, with first sound of A. 



pa'-gan 


pa'-tience 


pa'-tri-ot 


pa'-gan-ism 


pa'-tient 


pa'-tron 


page 


pa'-tient-ly 


pay'-a-ble 


pa' -god 


pa'-tri-arch 


pay' -day 


pai'-nim 


pa'-tri-arch-al 


pay'-ment 




P, with second sound 


of A. 


palm 


par-ti' -ci-pate 


par-tic' -u-lar-ize 


palm'-er 


par-ti -ci-pa-tion 


par'-ti-san 


par'-tial 


par-ti-cip'-i-al 


par-ti' -tion 


par'-ti-al-i-ty 


par-tic' -u-lar 




par'-ti-al-ly 


par-tic-u-lar'-i-ty 






P, with third sound 


of A. 


pal'-frey 


pal'-sy 


pau'-ci-ty 


pall 


pal'-sied 


pause 




P, with fourth sound 


of A. 


pab'-u-lar 


pa-ci-fl-ca'-tor 


pact 


pab'-u-lous 


pa-cif'-ic 


pac'-tion 


pa-ci-fi-ca'-tion 


pack'-et 


pac*ti'-tious 






ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



109 



pa'-geant 

pa'-geant-ry 

pal'-ace 

pal -a-cious 

pal-an-quin' 

pal'-a-ta-ble 

pal f -ate 

pal' -a- tin-ate 

pal' -a- tin 

pal'-ette 

pal'-in-drome 

pal'-i-sade 

pal r -let 

pal'-li-ate 

pal-li-a'-tion 

pal'-li-a-tive . 

pal-met' -to 

pal-mif ' -e-rous 

pal'-mi-pede 

palm' -is -try 

palm'-y 

pal'-pa-ble 

pam'-phlet 

pam-phlet-eer' 

pan-a-ce'-a 

pan'-sy 

pan-e-gyr'-ic 

pan-e-gyr f -ist 

pan'-ic 

pan'-o-ply 

pan'-the-on 



peace 

peace-of'-fer-ing 
10 



pan' -to mime 

pa-pil-ion-a'-cious 

par'-a-ble 

par-a-bol'-ic 

par-a-bol'-i-cal-ly 

par'-a-dise 

par-a-di-si'-a-cal 

par'-a-dox 

par-a-dox'-i-cal 

par-a-goge' 

par'-a-gon 

par'-a-graph 

par f -al-lax 

par'-al-lel 

par' -al-1 el-ism 

par-a-mount' 

par'-a-nymph 

par'-a-pet 

par' -a-ph rase 

par'-a-sang 

par'-a-site 

par-a-si'-ti-cal 

pa-ren'-the-sis 

pa-ren- thet' -i-cal 

par-he' -li-on 

par'-ish 

pa-rish'-ion-er 

par'-i-ty 

par' -ley 

par'-lia-ment 



par-lia-men' -ta-ry 

par'-lour 

pa-ro'-chi-al 

par'-o-dy 

pa-role' 

par-on'-y-mous 

par'-ox-ysm 

pas' -sage 

pas'-sa-ble 

pas'-sen-ger 

pas'-si-ble 

pas'-sion 

pas'-sion-ate 

pas'-sion-ate-ly 

pas'-sive 

pas'-sive-ly 

pas'-so-ver 

pas' -time 

pas' -tor 

pas'-to-ral 

pas'-tu-rage 

pas'-ture 

pat'-ent 

pat-en- tee' 

pa-thet'-ic 

pa-thet'-i-cai 

pa-thol'-o-gy 

pa-tri'-cian 

pat'-ro-nage 

pat'-ro-nise 



P, with first sound of E . 

peace' -a-ble peace' -ful-ly 

peace' -a-bly peace-ma -ker 



110 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



peail 

pe-eu'-liar 

pe-cu-li-ar'-i-ty 

pe-cu'-li-ar-ly 

pe-cu'-ni-a-ry 

peer 

peer' -age 

peer' -less 



pearl 

pearl-y 

ped'-a-gogue 

ped'-ant 

ped'-ant-ry 

ped'-i-gree 

pel-lu'-cid 

pen 

al-ty 

ance 

cil 

dant 

■ding 
pen-du-los'-i-ty 
pen'-du-lous 
pen-e'-trate 
pen-e-tra'-tion 
pen'-e-tra-tive 
pen'-i-tence 
pen'-i-tent 
pen-i-ten'-tial 
pen-i-ten'-tia-ry 
pen'-i-tent-ly 
pen' -non 



pen 
pen' 
pen 
pen 
pen 



peer'-less-ness 

pe'-nal 

pe-num'-bra 

pe-nu'-ri-ous 

pe-nu'-ri-ous-ly 

pe'-ri-od 

pe-ri-od'-i-cal 

pe-ri-od'-ic 

P, vjith Second Sound 

pen'-ny 

pen'-ny-wise 

pen'-ny- worth 

pen'-sile 

pen'-sion 

pen'-sion-a-ry 

pen'-sion-er 

pen'-sive 

pen'-sive-ly 

pen'-sive-ness 

pen'-ta-gon 

pen-tag'-o-nal 

pen-tam'-e-ter 

pen'-ta-teuch 

pen'-te-cost 

pen-te-cos'-tal 

pen'-u-ry 

per-am'-bu-late 

per-am'-bu-la-ting* 

per'-ceive 

per-cep-ti-bil' -i-ty 

per-cep'-ti-ble 

per'-cep-tion 

per-cip'-ient 



pe-ri-od'-i-cal-ly 

pe-ri' -phrase 

pe-ru'-sal 

pe-ruse' 

pe-ru'-ser 

pu-tres'-cent 

pe-dan'-tic 



/E. 

per-en'-ni-al 

per-en'-ni-ty 

per' -feet 

per-fec'-tion 

per'-fect-ly 

per-fid'-ious 

per-fid'-ious-ly 

per' -fume 

per-fume f 

per-fu'-mer 

per'-ma-nent 

per'-ma-nent-ly 

per'-me-a-ble 

per'-me-ate 

per-me-a'-tion 

per-mis'-sion 

per-mis'-sive 

per-mis'-sive-ly 

per'-mit 

per-mu-ta'-tion 

per-mute' 

per-pen-dic' -u-lar 

per-pen-dic'-u-lar-ly 

per-pet'-u-al 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



Ill 



per-pet'-u-al-ly 


per'-son-al-ly 


per-ver'-sion 


per-pet'-u-ate 


per' -son-ate 


per-ver'-si-ty 


per-pe-tu'-i-ty 


per-son -i-fi-ca-tion 


per-vert' 


per'-qui-site 


per-son' -i-fy 


per-vert'-er 


per'-se-cute 


per-spec'-tive 


per-vert' -i-ble 


per-se-cu'-ted 


per-spec'-tive-ly 


per'-vi-ous 


per-se-cu'-tion 


per-spic'-u-ous 


pet-ri-fac'-tion 


per-se-ve'-rance per-suade' 


pet-ri-fac'-tive 


per-se-vere' 


per-sua'-der 


pet-rif -ic 


per' -son 


per-sua'-si-ble 


pet'-ri-fy 


per'-son-al 


per-sua'-sion 


pet'-u-lant 


per'-son-age 


per-sua'-sive 


pet'-u-lan-cy 


per-son-al'-i-ty 


per-sua'-sive-ly 






P, with the First Sound of I. 


pi'-ca 


pi-men' -ta 


pi' -per 


pie' -bald 


pi-on-eer' 


pi' -ping 


pi'-ed 


pi'-ous 


pi'-ra-cy 


pi'-e-ty 


pi'-ous-ly 


pi' -rate 


pi' -lot 


pipe 


pi-rat' -i-cal 




P, with the Second Sound of I. 


pic'-ture 


pil'-lar 


pi'-quant-ly 


pi'-geon 


pil'-lion 


pit'-e-ous 


pig'-my 


pin'-e-al 


pit'-e-ous-ly 


pi 1' -grim 


pin' -ion 


pith 


pil' -grim-age 


pin'-na-cle 


pith'-y 


pil'-lage 


pi' -quant 


pit'-tance 




P, with the Sound of I 


like E. 


pi-az'-za 


piece' -meal 


pier'-cer 


piece 


pier 


pi-las' -ter 


piece'-er 


pierce 


pique 




PI, toith the First Sound of A. 


place 


plaint 


play 


pla'-gi-a-ry 


plaint' -ive 


play' -mate 


plague 


plait 


play'-ful 



112 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



PI, ivith the Third Sound of A. 
plaus'-i-ble plaus'-i-bly plau'-dit 

PI, with the Fourth Sound of A. 
plac'-a-ble plan'-et plan-ta-tion 

plac'-ard plan'-et-a-ry plant' -er 

pla'-cid plant plas'-tic 

pla'-cidly 

PI, with the First Sound 0/*E. 
plea plead' -er ple'-ia-des 

plead please ple'-no-asm 

PI, ivith the Second Sound ofE. 
pleas' -ant plen'-a-ry plen'-teous-ly 

pleas' -ant-ly plen-i-po-ten'-ti-a-ry plen'-ti-ful 

pleas' -ant-ry plen'-i-tude plen'-ti-ful-ly 

pleas' -ure plen'-teous 

PI, with the Sound of I. 
pli'-a-ble pli'-ant plinth 

pli'-an-cy plight 

PI, with the Sound of O. 
plot plot'-ter plot' -ting 

PI, with the Sound of Ou. 
plough plough' -er plough' -man 

plough-boy' plough-share' 

PI, with the Sound of 'XL 
plume plu'-ral plun'-der-er 

plu'-mage plu -ral'-i-ty pneu-mat'-ic 

plu'-mous plum' -met pneu-mat'-i-cal 

plu '-my plun'-der pneu-ma-tol'-o-gy 

P, with the Sound of O. 
poach po'-et po-et'-i-cal 

poach'-er po-e-tas'-ter po-et-ize' 

po'-em po'-et-ess po'-et-ry 

po'-e-sy po-et'-ic 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 113 

P, with the First Sound of O. 



po-lar 


po-ma'-ce-ous 


po'-ser 


po-lar'-i-ty 


po'-rous 


po-si'-tion 


pole 


por'-tion 


post-di-lu'-vian 


po'-lem-ic 


port'-ly 


post-me-rid'-i-an 


po-lite 


port-man' -teau 


po'-sy 


po-Iite'-ness 


por' -trait 


po'-tent 


po-lit'-i-cal 


por'-trai-ture 


po-ten'-tial 


po-li-ti'-cian 


por-tray' 


po'-tent-ly 


po-ly-an'-thos 


pose 


po-ten-ti'-al-ly 


p, 


with the Second Sound of 0. 


pool 


poor'-ly 


poor-spir'-it-ed 



P, with the Third Sound of O. 
por'-tent por-ten'-tous por'-ti-co 

P, with the Fourth Sound ofO. 

pock'-et pomp pos'-i-tive 

pol'-i-cy pom'-pous pos'-i-tive-ly 

pol'-ish pom'-pous-ly pos-si-bil'-i-ty 

pol'-ish-er pon'-der-ous pos'-si-ble 

pol'-i-tic pon'-tif pos'-si-bly 

pol'-i-ty pon-tif'-ic pos'-te-ri-or 

pol'-len pop'-u-lace pos-ter'-i-ty 

pol'-y-gon pop'-u-lar pos'-tu-late 
po-lyg -o-nal 

Pr, with the First Sound of A. 

praise pray pray'-er 

praise' -wor- thy 

Pr, with the Fourth Sound of A. 
prac'-tice prac'-ti-eal prag-mat'-ic 

prac-tise' prac'-tis-er prag-mat'-i-cal 

10* 



114 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



Pr, with the First Sound q/*E. 



pre-ca -n-ous 

pre-ca'-ri-ous-ly 

pre-cau'-tion 

pre-ce'-dence 

pre'-cept 

pre-cep'-tor 

pre-ces'-sion 

pre-cinct' 

pre-cip'-i-tate 

pre-cip-i-ta'-tion 

pre-cip'-i-tous 

pre-cise' 

pre-cise' -ly 

pre-ci'-sion 

pre-co'-cious 

pre-co'-ci-ty 

pre-dict' 

pre-dic'-tion 

pre-dic'-ter 



pre-em'-i-nent 

pre-em'-i-nence 

pre-ex-ist' 

pre-ex-is'-tence 

pre-ex-is'-tent 

pre-fer' 

pre-fer'-ment 

pre-fig'-ure 

pre-fix' 

pre-fix' -ion 

pre-judge' 

pre-ju-di'-cial 

pre-ma-ture' 

pre-ma-ture'-ly 

pre-med'-i-tate 

pre-med-i-ta'-tion 

pre-mise' 

pre'-mi-um 

pre-mo-ni'-tion 



pre-pon'-der-ate 

pre-pon'-der-an-cy 

pre-pos'-ter-ous 

pre'-sci-ence 

pre'-scient 

pres'-ent 

pre-sent' 

pre-sume' 

pre-sump'-tion 

pre-sump'-tive 

pre-sump'-tu-ous 

pre'-text 

pre-text' 

pre-var'-i-cate 

pre-var-i-ca'-tion 

pre-ven'-tive 

pre-ven'-tor 

pre-vent' 



pre'-ce-dent 

pre'-cious 

pre'-cious-ly 

pre P -ace 

preP-a-to-ry 

preP-er-a-ble 



price 

price'-less 
pri'-mal 
pri'-ma-ri-ly 



Pr, with the Second Sound of E. 

pref-er-ence prem'-i-ses 

pre-ju'-dice pres'-age 

pre-ju-di'-cial pres'-by-ter 

prel'-a-cy pres -by-te-ri-an 

prel'-ate prev'-a-lent 

Pr, with the First Sound of I. 

pri'-ma-ry pri-mo-ge'-ni-al 

pri'-mate pri-mor'-di-al 

prime pri'-or 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



115 



Pr. 



pn -or^ess 
pri'-or-i-ty 
pri'-or-y 



prim -er 

prim'-i-tive 

prim'-i-tive-ly 

prince 

prince' -ly 

prin'-cess 

prin'-ci-pal 



icith the First Sound of I. 
pri'-va-cy pri-va'-tion 



pn'-vate 
pri-va-teer' 



prize 



Pr j with the Second Sound of I. 

prin-ci-pal'-i-ty pris-mat'-ic 

prin'-ci-pal-Iy pris'-on 

priii' -ci-ple pris'-on-er 

print pris'-tine 

print' -er pr i v' -i-lege 

prism priv'-y 



Pr, with the First Sound of O. 

pro-ba'-tion pro-found' -ly pro-lix'-i-ty 

pro-ba'-tion-a-ry pro-fund' -i-ty 

probe pro-fuse' 

pro-ceed' pro-fu'-sion 

pro-ced'-ure pro-gen' -i-tor 

pro-ceed' -ing pro'-ge-ny 

pro' -cess pro-gress' 

pro-ces'-sion pro-gres'-sion 

pro'-claim pro-gres'-sive 

pro-cliv'-ous pro-gres'-sive-ly 

pro-cliv'-i-ty pro-hib'-it 

pro-eras' -ti-nate pr o-hib' -it-er 



pr o-cras-ti-na' -tion pr o-hi-bi' -tion 



pro-di'-gious 

pro'-fess 

pro-fes'-sion 

pro-fes'-sor 

pro-fes'-sor-ship 

pro-found' 



pro-ject' 

pro-jec'-tile 

pro-jec'-tion 

pro-jec'-tor 

pro-'Iix 



pro-mis -cu-ous 

pro-mis' -cu-ous-ly 

pro-mul'-gate 

pro-mul-ga'-tion 

pro-mul'-ger 

prone 

prone'-ness 

pro-nounce' 

pro-noun'-cer 

pro-nun-ci-a'-tion 

pro-pen' -si-ty 

pro-phet'-ic 

pro-phet'-ic-al 

pro-phet-ic-al'-ly 

pro-pin' -qui-ty 

pro-pi' -tiate 

pro-pi-ti-a'-tion 



M6 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



Pr, with the First Sound of O. 



pro-pi' -tious 


pro-pri'-e-tress 


pro-thon'-o-ta-ry 


pro-pi' -tious-ly 


pro-pri'-e-ty 


pro- verb' -i-al 


pro-por'-tion 


pro -scribe' 


pro -verb' -i-al-ly 


pro-por ' -ti on-a-b] y pro-scrip' -tion 


pro-vi'-der 


pro-pri'-e-tor 


pro-test' 


pro-vin'-cial 


Pr, 


with the Second Sound ofO. 


proof 


proof -less 




Pr, 


with the Fourth Sound of 0. 


prob'-a-ble 


prog'-ress 


pros' -e-lyte 


prob-a-bii'-i-ty 


pro'-ject 


pros'-o-dy 


prob-a'-bly 


prom'-i-nent 


pros-o-po-poe'-ia 


prob'-lem 


prom'-ise 


pros-per'-i-ty 


prob-le-mat'-i-cal 


prom'-is-er 


pros' -per-ous 


proc -la-ma-liori 


prompt 


pros' -per-ous-ly 


prod'-i-gal 


prompt' -er 


prot'-es-tant 


prod'-i-gal-ly 


prompt' -ly 


prov'-erb 


prod'-i-gal-i-ty 


prompt' -ness 


prov'-i-dence 


prod'-i-gy 


prop'-er 


prov-i-den'-tial 


prof -it 


prop'-er-ly 


pr o v-i-den' - tial-ly 


prof-i-ta-ble 


prop'-er-ty 


pro'-vost 


prof-i-ta-bly 


proph' -e-cy 


prox'-i-mate 


prof-li-gate 


proph' -e-sy 


prox'-i-mate-ly 


prog-nos'-ti-cate 


proph' -e-si-er 


prox-im'-i-ty 


prog-nos'-tic 


proph' -et 


prox'-y 


prog-nos-ti-ca' -tion proph' -et-ess 




p, 


with the First Soiind 


! of U. 


pu'-e-rile 


pure 


pu-ri-tan'-i-cal 


pu-e-ril'-i-ty 


pure'-ly 


pu'-ri-tan-ism 


pu-is'-sant 


pure' -ness 


pu'-ri-ty 


pu-is'-sant-ly 


pu'-ri-fy 


pu-sil-lan -im' - i-ty 


pu -pil 


pu'-ri-tan 


pu-sil-lan' -i-mous 


pu'-pil-age 







ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 117 

P, with the Second Sound of\J. 



pub'-li-can 


punc-til'-io us 


pur' -lieu 


pub-li-ca'-tion 


punc-til'-ipus-ness pur -loin 


pub' -lie 


punc'-tu-al 


pur'-sue 


pub'-lic-ly 


punc-tu-al'-i-ty 


pur-su'-er 


pub'-lish 


punc'-tu-al-ly 


pur-suit' 


pub'-lish-er 


punc-tu-a'-tion 


pur'-sui-vant 


pul'-mo-na-ry 


pun' -gent 


pur-vey' 


pui'-mon-ic 


pun'-ish 


pur-vey'-ance 


pul'-ver-a-ble 


pun'-ish-er 


pur-vey'-or 


pul-ver-i-za' -tion 


pun'-ish-a-ble 


puz'-zle 


punc-til'-io 


pun-ish-ment' 


puz'-zler 


P, 


with the Third sound of U. 


pull 


pul'-ley 


pul'-pit 


pul'-let 








P, with the Sound 


ofYas I. 


pyg'- m y 


pyr'-a-mid 


pyr-o-tech'-n) 


pyg'-me -an 


pyr-o-tech'-nics 


py x 



EXERCISES ON THE VERB to be. 

Select subjects from the fore-going words, and write them, 
in combination with the verb, To Be, through its different 
Moods and Tenses. 



CONJUGATION 

OF 

THE AUXILIARY VERB, 

To Have. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 
Present Tense. To Have. Perfect. To Have Had. 



118 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Present, Having. Perfect. Had. 

Compound Perfect. Having Had. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 
PRESENT TENSE. 

Singular. Plural. • 

I have. We have. 

Thou hast. Ye or you have. 

He, she, or it, hath or has. They have. 

IMPERFECT TENSE. 

Singular. Plural. 

I had. We had. 

Thou hadst. Ye or you had. 

He had. They had. 

PERFECT TENSE. 

Singular, Plural. 

I have had. We have had. 

Thou hast had. Ye or you have had. 

He has had. They have had. 

PLUPERFECT TENSE. 

Singular. Plural. 

I had had. We had had. 

Thou hadst had. Ye or you had had. 

He had had. They had had. 

FIRST FUTURE. 

Singular. Plural. 

I shall or will have. We shall or will have. 

Thou shalt or wilt have. Ye or you shall or will have. 

He shall or will have. They shall or will have. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 119 

SECOND FUTURE. 

Singular. Plural. 

I shall have had. We shall have had. 

Thou wilt have had. Ye or you will have had. 

He will have had. They will have had. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT TENSE. 

Singular. Plural. 

Let me have. Let us have. 

Have thou, or do thou have. Have ye, or do you have. 

Let him have. Let them have. 

POTENTIAL MOOD. 
PRESENT TENSE. 

Singular. Plural. 

I may or can have. We may or can have. 

Thou mayst or canst have. Ye or you may or can have. 

He may or can have. They may or can have. 

IMPERFECT TENSE. 

Singular. Plural. 

I might, could, would, or We might, could, would, or 

should have. should have. 

Thou mightst, couldst, or Ye or you might, could, 

wouldst, or shouldst have. would, or should have. 

He might, could, would, or They might, could, would, or 

should have. should have. 

PRESENT TENSE. 

Singular. Plural. 

I may or can have had. We may or can have had. 

Thou mayst or canst have had. Ye or you may or can have had, 

He may or can have had. They may or can have had. 



120 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

PLUPERFECT TENSE. 

Singular. Plural. • 

I might, could, would, or We might, could, would, or 

should have had. should have had. 

Thoumightst,couldst,wouldst, Ye or you migh t, could, woukL, 

or shouldst have had. or should have had. 

He might, could, would, or They might, could, would, or 

should have had. should have had. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
PRESENT TENSE. 

Singular. Plural. 

If I have. If we have. 

If thou have. If ye or you have. 

If he have. ^ If they have. 

SECOND FUTURE. 

Singular. Plural. 

If I shall have had. If we shall have had. 

If thou shalt have had. If ye or you shall have had. 

If he shall have had. If they shall have had. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

B, as heard in Book. 

The origin of Books may be traced to as remote antiquity, 
as the manner of expressing thought by alphabetical or hiero- 
glyphic characters. The English word, Book, is derived from 
the Saxon word, Boc, the name of the Beech-tree. The cus- 
tom of recording events on bark, still continues among nations 
that have not made much progress in refinement. 

A library of this description was discovered a short time 
since by the Russians, among the Calmuc Tartars. The 
Books are exceedingly long and narrow : the leaves very 
thick, and made of the bark of trees, smeared over with 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, 121 

a double varnish. The ink is white, on a black ground. 
Copies of the Gospels, in the Malay tongue, are occasionally 
brought to England, written on slips of bark, fastened together 
by long cords. 

The Egyptian Papyrus, made into paper, was in use in the 
time of Alexander the Great (356 B, C.) : but as these vege- 
table materials were very frail, leather, prepared from the 
skins of goats and sheep, was used, as a more durable mate- 
rial. The manufacture of skins into parchment, was invent- 
ed at Pergamos. Paper from linen was first made in the 
14th century. Ancient books were generally, in the form of 
rolls : hence our term volume. 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

Which words contain the sound of B ? 

What is the form of the verb to have, in the Infinitive 
Mood, Present and Perfect Tenses? 

Repeat the Participles. 

Conjugate this verb in the Indicative Mood through all the 
tenses. 

How does the Present Tense Singular vary in being used 
with Nominatives of the different Persons ? 

How is the Plural formed ? 

How is the verb varied in the Imperfect Tense ? 

How is the Perfect Tense formed ? 

How is the Pluperfect? 

How is the first Future ? 

How is the second Future ? 

What is the form of the verb in the Imperative Mood ? 

What in the Present of the Potential ? 

What in the Imperfect of the Potential ? 

What in the Perfect of the Potential ? 

What in the Pluperfect of the Potential ? 

What is the form of this verb in the Subjunctive, in the 
Present and Second Future Tenses? 



122 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



Words containing the Sound of B : or, 
Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dic- 
tation and Subjects for Composition. 
B, WITH THE DIFFERENT VOWEL SOUNDS. 

B, with the First Sound of A. 



bail 


bale'-ful 


base 


bail'-a-ble 


bale'-ful-ly 


ba'-sin 


bai'-li-wick 


bane 


bay 


bait 


bane'-ful 






B, with the Second Sound of A. 


balm 


bar-bar' -ic 


bar'-ley 


balm'-y 


bar'-ba-rism 


bar' -ley-brake 


bar 


bar-bar'-i-ty 


bar' -ley-corn 


barb 


bar'-ba-rous 


barm 


barb'-ed 


bar'-ba-rous-ly 


bar'-na-cle 


bar'-ber 


barge 


bar'-ter 


bar-ba'-ri-an 


bark 


bar'-ter-er 




B, with the Third Sound of A. 


bald' -rick 


bal'-sam 


bau'-ble 


balk 








B, icith the Fourth Sound of A. 


bach'-e-lor 


bal-us-trade' 


bap-tize' 


back-bi'-ter 


band 


bap-ti'-zer 


back-slide' 


bank'-rupt-cy 


ba-rom'-e-ter 


back-sli'-der 


bank'-rupt 


bar-o-met'-ri-cal 


bag-a-telle' 


ban'-ner 


bar-ri-cade' 


bal'-ance 


ban'-ner-et 


bar'-ri-er 


bal'-an-cer 


ban -ner-ol 


bash'-ful 


bal'-co-ny 


ban'-nock 


bas'-i-lisk 


bal'-lad • 


ban'-quet 


bas-re-lief 


bal'-last 


ban'-quet-er 


bas-ti-na'-do 


bal-loon' 


bap'-tism 


bat-tal'-ia 


bal-sam'-ic 


bap-tis'-mal 


bat'-tle-ment 


bal'-us-ter 







ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



123 



B, ivith the First Sound of E. 



bea'-con 




beech'-en 


be-nig'-ni-ty 


beak 




bee' -tie 


be-nign' -ly 


beam 




be-gin'-ning. 


be-queathe' 


beam'-y 




be-guile' 


be-quest' 


beat 




be-hest' 


be-reave' 


beat'-en 




be-head' 


be-reave' -ment 


beat'-er 




be-hind'-hand 


be-siege' 


be-a-tif'-ic 




be-hold'-en 


be-sie'-ger 


be-a-tif -i- 


cal 


be-hoove' 


be-tide' 


be-at'-i-fy 




be'-ing 


be-times' 


be-at'-i-tude 


be-lie' 


be-troth f 


bea'-ver 




be-lief 


be-tween' 


be-calm' 




be-neath' 


be-wil'-der 


be-deck' 




be-nef'-i-cent 


be-witch' 


bee 




be-nev'-o-lence 


be-yond' 


beech 




be-nign' 


be'-zoar 




B, 


with the Second Sound of E. 


bench 




ben'-e-fice 


ben'-i-son 


ben-e-dic'- 


■tion 


ben -i-fi-cial 


bev'-er-age 


ben-e-fac/ 


■tion 


ben-e-fi'-ci-a-ry 


bev'-y 


ben-e-fac'- 


■tor 


ben'-e-fit 





B, with the First Sound of I. 
bi'-as bi-og'-ra-pher bi-tu'-min-ous 

bi-en'-ni-al bi-og'-ra-phy bi'-valve 

bi'-na-ry bi-tu'-men bi-val'-vu-lar 

B, with the Second Sound of I. 
bib-li-og'-ra-pher bil'-boes bis-sex'-tile 

bib-li-oth'-i-cal bil'-low bit'-ter 

big'-ot bil'-low-y bit'-ter-ly 

big'-ot-ed bish'-op bit'-ter-ness 

big'-ot-ry bish'-op-ric 



124 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



Bl, with the Sound of A, 



bla'-ma-ble 


bla'-zon-ry 


black' -en 


bla'-ma-bly 


black 


blanch 


blame' -less 


black-browed' 


blanch' -er 


blame'-wor-thy 


black-cat -tie 


blan'-dish 


blaze 


black'-mail 


blan'-dish-ment 


bla'-zon 


black'-a-moor 






Bl, with the Sound 


o/E. 


bleak 


blem'-ish 


bles'-sed-ly 


bleak' -ness 


blench 


bles'-sed-ness 


bleak'-y 


blend 


bles'-ser 


bleat 


blend'-er 


bles'-sing 


bleed 


bless 


blest 


blend 


bles'-sed 






Bl, with the Sound 


o/i. 


blight 


blithe 


blink 


blind 


blithe' -ly 


bliss 


blind' -fold 


blithe' -some 


bliss'-ful 


blind' -ly 








Bl, with the Sound 


o/O. 


blow 


bloom'-ing 


block' -ish 


blow'-er 


block 


blos'-som 


blown 


block-ade' 


blot 


bloom 


block' -head 






Bl, with the Sound 


*/U. 


blue 


blud'-geon 


blunt-wit'-ted 


blue-eyed 


bluff 


blus'-ter 


blue'-ly 


blun'-der 


bins'- ter-er 


blue'-ish 


blunt'-ly 


blus'-trous 


blub'-ber 


blunt' -ness 





ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



125 



B, with the First Sound of O. 



board 


bolt 


bore 


boast 


bow' -sprit 


bo'-re-al 


boat' -swain 


bor'-der 


bo'-re-as 


bold 


bor'-der-er 


both 


bole 








B, with the Second Sound of 0. 


book 


boom 


boor'-ish-ly 


book'-ish 


boon 


boot 


book-learn'-ir 


)g boor 


boot' -less 


book-sel'-ler 


boor'-ish 


boot'-y 


book' -worm 








B, with the Fourth Sound ofO. 


bod' -ice 


bon'-fire 


boss 


bod'-i-less 


bon'-net 


bot'-a-ny 


bod'-i-ly 


bon'-ni-ly 


bo t' -torn 


bod'-y 


bon'-ny 


bot'-tom-less 


bond 


bor'-row 


box 


bond' -age 


bor'-row-er 


box' -en 


bond'-man 


bos'-cage 


box'-er 


bond' -maid 


bos'-ly 






Br, with the First 


Sound of A. 


brace 


brain' -sick 


bra'-ve-ry 


brace' -let 


brake 


bra'-vo 


bra'-cer 


bra'-sier 


bray 


braid 


brave 


bray'-er 


brain 


brave' -ly 


bra'-zen 


brain' -less 







brawl 

brack' -et 
brack' -ish 
bram'-ble 



11* 



Br, with the Third Sound of A. 

brawl' -er brawn' -y 

Br, with the Fourth Sound of A. 

branch brass 

bran'-chy bras'-sy 

brand' -ish 



128 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



Br, with the First Sound ofE. 



breach 




breath' -a-ble 


breeze 


breathe 




breath'-ing 


bre'-vi-a-ry 




Br, 


with the Second Sound o/E. 


bread 




breast 


breath 


bread' -corn 




breast' -high 


breath'-less 


breadth 




breast' -plate 


breth'-ren 


break' -fast 




breast' -work 






Bi 


*, with the First Sound of I. 


bribe 




bride' -cake 


bri'-er 


bri'-ber 




bride' -groom 


bright 


bri'-ber-y 




bride'-maid 


bright' -ly 


bri'-dal 




bride' -well 


bright' -ness 


bride 




bri'-dle 






Br, 


with the Second Sound of I. 


brick 




brig' -and 


brink 


brick' -bat 




bril'-lian-cy 


brisk 


brick' -kiln 




bril'-liant 


brisk' -ly 


brick' -lay-er 




brim 


brist'-ly 


bridge 




brim'-ful 


brit'-tle 


brig 




bring 


brit'-tle-ness 


brig-a-dier* 










Br, 


with the First Sound of 0. 


broach 




broke 


bro' -ken-heart'-ed 


bro-cade' 




bro'-ken 


bro'-ker 




Br, 


ivith the Second Sound of 0. 


brooch 
brood 




brood' -y 
brook 


broom 




Br 


, with the Third Sound of 0. 


broad 




broad'-wise 


brought 




Br, 


with the Fourth Sound of 0. 






bron-tol'-o-gy 







ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH 


LANGUAGE . 




Br, with the Sound of U. 


brush 


brush'-wood 


brus'-tle 


brush' -er 


brush' -y 






B, with the First Sound of U. 


bu'-col-ic 


bu'-gle-horn 


bu'-rine 


bu'-gle 


bu'-reau 






B, with the Second Sound of U. 


bub'-ble 


bunch 


bur' -row 


buck'-e 


bun'-gle 


burse 


buc'-kle 


bun'-gler 


bus' -kin 


buck'-ler 


bun'-gling-ly 


bus'-kinned 


bud 


bunn 


bus'-ky 


bud" -get 


burgh 


bus' -tie 


buff 


burgh' -er 


bus' -tier 


buf-foon' 


bur'-glar 


but 


buf-foon'-e 


-ry bur'-gla-ry 


but'-ler 


bug 


bur'-lesque 


but'-ler-ship 


bulb 


bur'-ly 


but'-ter 


bulk 


bur'-nish 


but'-ter-y 


bul'-ky 


bur'-nish-er 


but' -tress 


bum' -per 








B, with the Third Sound ofJJ. 


bull 


bul'-wark 


bush'-y 


bul'-let 


bush 


but'-cher 


bul'-lion 


bush'-el 


butch' -e-ry 


bul'-lock 


B, with Y as I. 




by 


by' -room 


by' -way 


by' -gone 


by' -stand -er 


by' -word 


by' -law 


by' -view 


bye 


by'-path 


by'-walk 


by'-zan-tine 


by' -road 








EXERCISES ON VERBS. 


Select the Verbs, and conjugate them with the ^ 


Have. 







127 



128 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

REGULAR VERBS.* 
Verbs active are called Regular, when they form their 
Imperfect Tense and their Perfect Participle, by the addition 
of ed to the verb, or d only, when the verb ends in e : as 
Present. I love. Imperfect. I loved. 

Perfect Participle. Loved. 
A Regular Active Verb is conjugated, in the following 
manner : 

To Love. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

PRESENT TENSE. 

Singular. Plural. 

I love. We love. 

Thou lovest. Ye or you love. 

He, she, ot it loveth, or loves. They love. 

IMPERFECT TENSE. 

I loved. We loved. 

Thou lovedst. Ye or you loved. 

He loved. They loved. 

PERFECT TENSE. 

I have loved. We have loved. 

Thou hast loved. Ye or you have loved. 

He has loved. They have loved. 

PLUPERFECT TENSE. 

I had loved. We had loved. 

Thou hadst loved. Ye or you had loved. 
He had loved. They had loved. 

FIRST FUTURE TENSE. 

I shall or will love. We shall or will love. 

Thou shalt or wilt love. Ye or you shall or will love. 

He shall or will love. They shall or will love. 

* The whole number of Verbs, in the English language, Regular 
and Irregular, Simple and Compounded, is about 4300. The number 
of Irregular, including the Defective, is about 177. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 129 

SECOND FUTURE TENSE. 

Singular, Plural. 

I shall or will have loved. We shall have loved. 

Thou wilt have loved Ye or you will have loved. 

He will have loved They will have loved 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. \ 

PRESENT TENSE. 

Let me love. Let us love. 

Love thou or do thou love. Love ye or do ye love. 

Let him love. Let them love. 

POTENTIAL MOOD. 
PRESENT TENSE. 

I may or can love. We may or can love. 

Thou mayst or canst love. Ye or you may or can love. 
He may or can love. They may or can love. 

IMPERFECT TENSE. 

I might, could or would love. We might, could or would 
Thou mightst, couldst or love. 

wouldst love. Ye or you might, could or 

He might, could or would love. would love. 

They might, could or would 
love. 

PERFECT TENSE. 

I may or can have loved. We may or can have loved. 

Thou mayst or canst have Ye or you may or can have 

loved. loved. 

He may or can have loved. They may or can have loved. 

PLUPERFECT TENSE. 

I might, could or would have We might, could or would 
loved. have loved. 

Thou mightst, couldst or Ye or you might, could or 
wouldst have loved. would have loved. 

He might, could or would have They might have loved, 
loved. 



130 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
PRESENT TENSE. 

Singular. Plural. 

If I love. If we love. 

If thou love. If ye or you love. 

If he or she love. If they love. 

SECOND FUTURE TENSE. 

If I shall have loved. If we shall have loved. 

If thou shalt have loved. If ye or you shall have loved. 

If he shall have loved. If they shall have loved. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 
Present Tense. To love. Perfect. To have loved. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Present. Loving. Perfect. Loved. 

Compound Perfect. Having loved. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

M, as heard in Moon. 

The Moon is a secondary planet, always attendant on our 
Earth : her diameter, or measure through, is 2175 miles : 
her surface contains 14 millions of square miles, and her 
distance from the Earth, is 240,000 miles. 

The time from one conjunction to another, or the interval 
between the New Moons, is 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, 
and 12 seconds. 

The Moon is an opaque body, reflecting the light of the 
Sun to us : she moves upon her own axis, and always pre- 
sents the same face to us. 

When at her change, she comes directly between us and 
the Sun, the Sun is eclipsed to us ; when at her full, if the 
Earth come between the Moon and the Sun, she is eclipsed 
to us. " The Moon was formed to give light by night," and 
has also, a mighty influence on the vapours of the Earth, as 
is evidenced, by the ebbing and flowing of the Sea. 






ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 131 

Many Heaihen nations have worshipped the Moon under 
the names of " Queen of Heaven," " Venus," " Urania," 
" Astarte," " Diana," " Hecate," &c. 

The Moon was the great marker of the Jewish feasts, and 
the Orientals now regulate their journeys by her. 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

Which words have the sound of the letter M? 
How are regular verbs formed ? 

Conjugate the Verb, To Love, in the Indicative Mood, 
through all the tenses. 

in the Imperative ? 
in the Potential? 
in the Subjunctive 
in the Infinitive ? 
What is the form of the Present Participle ? 
Perfect ? 

Compound Perfect ? 
How many verbs are there in the English language ? 
How many of these are Irregular and Defective ? 

Words containing the Sound of M: or, 

Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dic- 
tation, and Subjects for Composition. 

M, with the first sound of A.. 



mace 




main-land' 


may 


mace-bear' 


-er 


main'-ly 


may' -or 


ma'-cro-cosm 


ma'-jor 


may'-or-al-ty 


maid' -en 




maize 


may'-or-ess 


mail 




ma'-ker 


maze 


maim 




ma'-nes 


ma'-zy 


main 




ma'-tron 





132 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION 



M, with the Second Sound of A. 



mar'-ble 

mar'-ble-heart-ed 

march 

mar'-shal 

mar'-ga-rite 

mar' -gin 

mar'-gin-al 

mar'-gin-a-ted 



marl 

mar' -ma-lade 

mar'-quis 

mar'-quis-ate 

mar' -row 

mar'-shal 

mar'-shal-ler 

marsh'-y 

M, with the Third Sound of A. 

mau-so-le'~um 
M, with the Fourth Sound of A. 



mart 

mar'-tial 

mar'-tyr 

mar'-tyr-dom 

mar-tyr-ol' -o-gy 

mar'-vel 

mar'-vel-ous 



mach'-i-nate 

maeh-i-na'-tion 

mac' -u -la 

mac-u-la'-tion 

mad'-ri-gal 

mag'-a-zine 

ma'-gi-cal 

ma'-gic 

ma-gi'-cian 

ma-gis-te'-ri-al 

ma'-gis-trate 

mag-na-nim'-i-ty 

mag-nan'-i-mous 

mag' -net 

mag-net' -ic 

mag' -net-ism 

mag'-net-ize 

mag-nif'-ic 



ma'-jes-ty 

ma-jor'-i-ty 

mal'-a-dy 

ma-lev'-o-lence 

ma-lev'-o-lent 

mal'-ice 

ma-li'-cious-ly 

ma-li-cious 

ma-lign' 

ma-lig'-nant 

ma-lig'-ni-ty 

mal'-le-a-ble 

mal-le-a-bil'-i-ty 

mal'-let 

mam'-mon 

man'-a-cles 

man' -age 

man'-age-a-ble 



mag-nif -i-cent-ly man'-age-ment 

mag'-ni-fi-er man'-a-ger 

mag'-ni-fy man '-date 

mag'-ni-tude man'-da-to-ry 



man' -drake 

man'-ful 

man'-ful-ly 

man'-ful-ness 

man' -hood 

man' -kind 

man'-ly 

man'-li-ness 

man'-na 

man'-ner 

man'-ner-ly 

man'-ni-kin 

man' -or 

man'-sion 

man'-u-al 

man-u-fac'-ture 

man-u-fac'-tu-rer 

man-u-mit' 

man-u-mis'-sion 

man-ii-script' 

map 

mar'-i-gold 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



133 



mar-ine 

mar'-i-ner 

mar'-i-time 

mar'-ket 

mar'-ket-a-ble 

mask 

mas-quer-ade' 

mas f -sa-cre 

mas'-sive 

mas'-sy 

mas'-ter 

mead 

mea'-ger 

mea'-ger-ness 

meal 

meaF-y 

mean 

me-an'-der 

me-an'-drous 

mean'-ly 

me-chan'-ic 

me-chan r -i-cal 

me-daF-lion 

me'-di-ate 

me'-di-ate-ly 

me-di-a'-tion 



mead'-ow 

meas'-ure 

meas'-ur-a-ble 

meas'-ure-less 

meas'-ure-ment 



mas'-ter-key 

mas'-ter-ly 

mas'-ter-ship 

mas'-ter-y 

mas'-ter-string 

mat 

match 

match' -less 

match -ma-ker 

match' -less-ly 

M, ivith the first sound 
me-di-a'-tor 
me'~di-a-to-ry 
me-dr-ci-nal 
me-dF-cin-a-ble 
me-dF-cin-al-ly 
me'-di-um 
meed 
meek 
meet'-ly 
meet'-ness 
me'-li-o-rate 
me-li-o-ra'-tion 
me-men'-to 
me-moir' 
me-mo'-ri-al 



ma-te'-ri-al 

ma-te-ri-al'-i-ty 

ma-te'-ri-als 

math-e-mat'-ics 

mat-ric'-u-late 

mat'-ter 

ma-ture' 

ma-ture'-ly 

ma-tu'-ri-ty 

max'-im 

ofE. 

me-mo'-ri-al-ist 

me-nage' 

me'-ni-al 

me-noF-o-gy 

mere 

me-rid'-i-an 

me-rid'-i-on-al 

me-temp-sy-cho' -sis 

me'-te-or 

me-te-or-ol'-o-gy 

me'-ter 

me'-tre 

me-ton'-y-my 

me-trop'-o-lis 

mew 



M, with the second sound ofE. 

meas'-ur-er med f -dler 

meas'-ur-ing med'-i-cal 

mech-a-m'-ciar] med'-i-cal-ly 

med'-al med'-ic-a-ment 

med'-al-list med'-i-cate 
12 



134 



GRAB1MAR AND COMPOSITION. 



med'-i-cine 


men'-tal 


mesh 


med'-i-tate 


men'-tal-ly 


mesh'-y 


med -i-ta-tion 


mer' -can-tile 


mes'-sage 


med'-i-ta-tive 


mer'-ce-na-ry 


mes-si'-ah 


mel-lif'-er-ous 


mer'-chand 


met'-al 


mel-lif'-lu-ence 


mer'-chand-ise 


me t-a-phy-si' -cian 


mel-lif'-lu-ent 


mer' -chant 


met-a-mor' -phose 


mel'-o-dy 


mer'-ci-ful 


met'-a-phor 


mem'-o-ra-ble 


mer'-ci-ful-ly 


me t-a-ph or' -i-cal 


mem'-o-ra-bly 


mer'-ci-ful-ness 


met-a-phor'-ie 


mem-o-ran' -dum 


mer'-ci-less 


met-a-phys'-ics 


mem'-o-rize 


mer'-ci-less-ly 


met-a-phy s' -ic-al 


mem'-o-ry 


mer-ca'-ri-al 


meth-od' 


men'-ace 


mer'-cy 


me-thod' -i-cal 


men'-a-cer 


mer'-cy-seat 


meth'-o-dise 


men'-di-cant 


mer' -it 


met'-ri-cal 


men'-di-cate 


mer-i-to'-ri-ous 


met-ro-pol'-i-tan 


men-di'-ci-ty 


mer-i-to' -ri-ous-ly 


met' -tie 


men-su-ra -bil'-i-ty 


mer'-ri-ly 


met' -tie-some 


men'-su-ra-ble 


mer'-ry 


mez-zo-tin'-tq 


men -su-ra-tion 






M, 


with the first sound of I. 


mi' -asm 


mi -gra'-tion 


mind'-ful-ly 


mi'-cro-cosm 


mild 


mind' -less 


mi-cog' -ra-phy 


mild'-ly 


mi'-ner 


mi-crom'-e-ter 


mild' -n ess- 


mi'-nor 


mi'-cro-scope 


mile 


mi-nor'-i-ty 


mi-cro-scop'-ic 


mile'-stone 


mi'-ser 


might' 


mine 


mite 


might' -i-ly 


mind 


mi'-ter 


might' -y 


mind'-ful 


mi'-tre 


M, 


with the second sound of I. 


mich 


mix 


mid'-course 


mic'-kle 


mid' -day 


mid' -die 






ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



135 



mid' -die-aged 


min'-i-a-ture 


mis'-er-y 


mid'-dling 


min'-i-kin 


mis-for'-tune 


mid-heav'-en 


min'-im 


mis-guide' 


mid '-night 


min' -ion 


mis-in-form' 


mid' -sea 


min'-is-ter 


mis-lead' 


mid-sum' -mer 


min-is-te'-ri-al 


mis-lead' -er 


mid' -way 


min'-is-try 


mis-pel' 


mil'-dew 


min-is-tra'-tion 


mis-rep'-re-sent 


mil'-i-a-ry 


min'-ster 


mis-rep-re-sen-ta' - 


mil'-i-tant 


min'-strel 


mis'-sile [tion 


mil'-i-ta-ry 


min'-strel-sy 


mis'-sion 


mil'-i-tia 


min'-um 


mis'-sion-a-ry 


mil' -ky- way 


mir'-a-cle 


mis'-sive 


mil-le-na'-ri-an 


mir'-ror 


mis-take' 


mil'-le-na-ry 


mis 


mis-tell' 


mil-len'-ni-um 


mis-an'-thrope 


mis'-ti-ness 


mil-len'-ni-al 


mis-an'-thro-py 


mis-trust' 


mil' -le -pedes 


mis-cal' 


mis-trust' -ful 


mil-les'-i-mal 


mis'-cel-la-ny 


mist 


mil' -let 


mis' -chief 


mist'-y 


mil' -lion 


mis-chiev'-ous 


mis-un-der-stand' 


mil'-lionth 


mis-con-struc'-tion 


mit'-i-gate 


mim'-i-cal 


mis-con'-strue 


mit-i-ga'-tion 


mim'-ic-ry 


mis'-cre-ant 


mi t' -tent 


min'-er-al. 


mis-de-mean' 


mix 


min'-er-al-ist 


mis-de-mean' -our 


mix'-tion 


min-er-al'-o-gy 


mis-em-ploy' 


miz'-zy 


min -gle 


mis'-er-a-ble 




M, 


with the First Sound of 0. 


moat 


mo-lest' 


mo-ment'-ous 


mode 


mo-les-ta'-tion 


mo-nar'-chal 


mo' -dish 


mol'-ten 


mo-nar'-chi-cal 


mo'-dish-ly 


mo'-ment 


mo-nas'-tic 


mole 


mo'-ment-a-ry 


mo-ni'-tion , 



136 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



mope 

mo-ral'-i-ty 

more 

mo-rose' 

mo-rose' -ly 

mo-sa'-ic 

mood 

mood'-y 

moon 

moon' -beam 

moon'-calf 

moon'-shine 

moor 

morn 

mor'-ning 

mor'-sel 

mor'-tal 

mor-tal'-i-ty 

mob 

mo-bil'-i-ty 

mock 

mock'-e-ry 

mod' -el 

mod'-el-ler 

mod'-er-ate 

mod-er-a'-tion 

mod'-er-ate-ly 

mod'-ern 

mod' -est 

mod'-est-ly 

mod'-i-cum 



mould' -er 
mould'-i-ness 
mould' -ing 
mow 
mow'-er 



M, 



mote 
mo'-tion 
mo'-tive 
mo'-te-ry 
mould 
mould' -y 
with the Second Sound of O. 
moor'-ish mo'-ver 

moose move'-a-ble 

moot move'-a-bly 

moot'-ed move'-ment 

moot'-er mo'-ving 

move mo'-ving-ly 



M, with the Third Sound of O. 



mor-ti-fi-ca'-tion 
mor'-^ti-fy 



M. 



mor'-tal-ly 
mor'-tar 
mort'-gage mor'-tice 

mort-ga-gee' mor'-tu-a-ry 

mort'-ga-ger 
with the Fourth Sound of O. 



mod'-i-fy 

mod'-u-late 

mod-u-la'-tion 

mol'-li-fi-er 

mol'-li-fy 

mon'-arch 

mon'-arch-y 

mon'-as-te-ry 

mon'-i-tor 

mon'-i-to-ry 

mon'-i-cbord 

mon'-o-dy 

mon-op'-o-list 



mon-o-syl'-la-ble 

mon-u-men'-tal 

mor'-al 

mor'-al-ist 

mor'-al-ize 

mor'-al-ly 

mor'-als 

mor'-row 

mosque 

moss 

mos'-sy 

mot' -ley 

mot'-to 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



137 



mu'-ci-lage 

mu-ci-la'-ge-nous 

mu'-cous 

mu-ni'-ci-pal 

mii-nif' -i-cence 

mu-nif'-i-cent-ly 

mu'-ni-ment 

mu-ni'-tion 



M, tvith the First Sound ofV. 

mu'-ral mu-ta-bil'-i-ty 



muse mu'-ta-ble-ness 

mu'-ses mu-ta'-tion 

mu'-se-um mute 

mu'-sic mu-ti-neer' 

mu'-si-cal mu'-ti-ny 

mu'-sic-al-ly mu'-tu-al 

mu-si'-cian mu'-tu-al-ly 

M, with the Second Sound of 13. 



much 

mud 

mud'-dy 

muf'-ner 

mug 

mulct 

mul-ti-fa'-ri-ous 

mul-ti'-pli-cate 

mul-ti-pli'-ci-ty 

myr'-i-ad 
myrrh 
myr'-tle 
mys-te'-ri-ous 



mul'-ti-ply 

mul-tip'-o-tent 

mul-ti'-tude 

mum 

mum'-ble 

mum' -bier 

mun'-dane 

mur'-ky 



mur -mur 

mur'-mur-er 

mus'-ket 

mus-ket-eer' 

mut'-ter 

mut'-ter-er 

muz'-zle 

muz'-zler 



M, with the Sound ofYasL 

mys'-te-ry myth-o-lo'-gi-cal 

mys'-tic my-thol'-o-gist 

mys'-ti-cal my-thol'-o-gy 

mys'-ti-cal-ly 



EXERCISES ON REGULAR VERBS. 



Select the Regular Verbs, and write them with the differ- 
ent Moods and Tenses. 



12 



138 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



IRREGULAR VERES. 
Irregular Verbs are those which do not form their Imper- 
fect Tense, and their Perfect Participle, by the addition of d 
or ed to the verb in the Present of the Infinitive : as, 

Present. Imperfect. Perf. Participle. 

I begin. I began. Begun. 

I know. I knew. Known. 



Present. Imperfect. Perf. Participle. 

I cost. I cost. Cost. 

I put. I put. Put. 

Those marked thus r are also used in the regular form. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 



Present. 


Imperfect. 


Perf. Participle. 


Present. 


Imperfect. 


Perf. Participle 


abide 


abode 


abode 


catch 


caught r 


caught r 


arise 
am 


arose 
was 


arisen 
been 


chide 


chid 


C chidden, 
}chid 


awake 


awoke r 


awaked 


choose 


chose 


chosen 


bear 
bear 


bare 
bore 


born 
borne 


cleave 


C clove or 
I cleft 


C cleft or 
\ cloven 






( beaten or 
\ beat 


cling 


clung 


clung 


beat 


beat 


clothe 


clad r 


clad r 


begin 


began 


begun 


come 


came 


come 


bend 


bent 


bent 


crow 


crew r 


crowed 


bereave 


bereft r 


bereft r 


creep 


crept 


crept 


beseech 


besought 


besought 


cut 


cut 


cut 


bid 


bid, bade 


bidden,bid 


dare 


durst r 


dared r 


bind 


bound 


bound 


deal 


dealt r 


dealt r 


bite 


bit 


bitten, bit 


dig 


dug 7 


dug r 


bleed 


bled 


bled 


do 


did 


done 


blow 


blew 


blown 


draw 


drew 


drawn 


break 


broke 


broken 


drive 


drove 


driven 


breed 


bred 


bred 


drink 


drank 


drunk 


bring 


brought 


brought 


dwell 


dwelt r 


dwelt r 


build 


built 


built 


eat 


ate 


eaten 


burst 


burst 


burst 


fall 


fell 


fallen 


buy 


bought 


bought 


feed 


fed 


fed 


cast 


cast 


cast 


feel 


felt 


felt 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



139 



Present. 


Imperfect. 


Perfect Part. 


Present. 


Imperfect 


Perfect Part. 


fight 


fought 


fought 


pay 


paid 


paid 


find 


found 


found 


*Lst. 


2d. 


2d. 


flee 


fled 


fled 


read 


read 


read 


fling 




flung 


rend 


rent 


rent 


fly 


flew 


flown 


rid 


rid 


rid [den 


forget 


forgot 


C forgotten, 
\ forgot 


ride 
ring 


rode rode, rid- 
rung, rang, rung 


forsake 


forsook 


forsaken 


rise 


rose 


risen 


freeze 


froze 


frozen 


rive 


rived 


riven 


get 


got 


got 


run 


ran 


ran 


gild 


gilt r. 


gilt r. 


saw 


sawed 


sawn r. 


gird 


girt r. 


girt r. 


say 


said 


said 


give 


gave 


given 


see 


saw 


seen 


g° 


went 


gone 


seek 


sought 


sought 


grave 


graved 


graven r. 


sell 


sold 


sold 


grind 


ground 


ground 


send 


sent 


sent 


grow 


grew 


grown 


set 


set 


set 


have 


had 


had 


shake 


shook 


shaken 


hang 
hear 


hung r. 
heard r. 


hung r. 
heard r. 


shape 


shaped 


C shaped, 
{ shapen 


hew 


hewed 


hewn 


shave 


shaved 


shaven r. 


hide 


hid 


hidden, hid 


shear 


sheared 


shorn 


hit 


hit 


hit 


shed 


shed 


shed 


hold 


held 


held 


shine 


shone r. 


shone r 


hurt 


hurt 


hurt 


show 


showed 


shown 


keep 


kept 


kept 


shoe 


shod 


shod 


knit 


knit r 


knit r. 


short 


shot 


shot 


know 


knew 


known 


shrink 


shrunk 


shrunk 


lade 


laded 


laden 


shred 


shred 


shred 


lay 


laid 


laid 


shut 


shut 


shut 


lead 


led 


led 


sing 


sung, sang, sung 


leave 


left 


left 


sink 


sunk, sank, sunk 


lend 


lent 


lent 


sit 


sat 


sat 


let 


let 


let 


slay 


slew 


slain 


lie 


lay 


lain 


sleep 


slept 


slept 


load 


loaded 


laden r. 


slide 


slid 


slidden 


lose 


lost 


lost 


sling 


slung 


slung 


make 


made 


made 


slink 


slunk 


slunk 


meet 


met 


met 


slit 


slit r. 


slit, slitted 


mow 


mowed 


mown 


smite 


smote 


smitten 



* The different sounds of E. 



140 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



Present. 
SOW 
speak 
speed 
spend 
spill 
spin 
spit 
split 
spread 

spring | 

stand 
steal 
stick 
sting 
stink 
stride 

strike 

string 
strive 

strow, 
or strew 



Imperfect. 

sowed 

spoke 

sped 

spent 

spilt r. 

spun 

spit, spat, 

split 

spread 
< sprung, 
I sprang 

stood 

stole 

stuck 

stung 

stunk 

strode, strid 

struck 

strung 
strove 

C strowed, 
( strewed, 



Perfect Part. 

sown r. 

spoken 

sped 

spent 

spilt r. 

spun 

spit 

split 

spread 

sprung 

stood 

stolen 

stuck 

stung 

stunk 

,stridden 
\ struck, 
[ stricken 

strung 

striven 
r strown, 
: strowed, 
' strewed 

sworn 



Present. 

sweat 
swell 

swim 

swing 

take 

teach 

tear 

tell 

think 

thrive 

throw 

thrust 

tread 

wax 

wear 

weave 

weep 

win 

wind 

work 

wring 
write 



Imperfect. 

swet r. 

swelled 
f swum, 
[ swam 

swung 

took 

taught 

torn 

told 

thought 

throve 

threw 

thrust 

trod 

waxed 

wore 

wove 

wept 

won 

wound 

wrought 

wrung 
wrote 



Perfect Part. 
swet r. 
swoln 



swung 

taken 

taught 

torn 

told 

thought 

thriven 

thrown 

thrust 

trodden 

waxen r. 

worn 

woven 

w r ept 

won 

wound 

wrought, 

worked 

wrung 

written 



LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

F, as heard in Flowers. 

Flowers ! what shall I say of flowers ! They are the 
perfection of plants, and have been from the beginning, the 
ornaments of creation, by their beauty of form, by their .per 
fume, and the variety of their tints. 

They are used, in the symbolical language of the East, to 
express the emotions of Love, Friendship, and Religion. It 
has been customary, from the earliest times, to make this use 
of them. A lily is introduced in the oldest picture of the 
Madonna, and in the pictures of the Annunciation, the same 
flower is placed in the hands of the Angel to denote the Ad- 
vent of the Messiah. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 141 

\ 

The consecration of this flower is of high antiquity, and 
in the Song of Solomon, the rose and the lily are used as 
emblems of the Church : — " I am the Rose of Sharon and 
the Lily of the Valley." 

They form the chief ornament in the decoration of a bride, 
and are used among all nations, to express surviving affec- 
tion, and strangely enough, were strewn in the way of con- 
querors as emblems of victory. 

" Bring flowers to the shrine, where we kneel in prayer; 
They are nature's offering ; their place is there ! 
They speak of hope, to the fainting heart, 
With a voice of promise, they come and part; 
They sleep in dust through the wintry hours, 
They break forth in glory — bring flowers, bright flowers." 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

Which words contain the sound of F ? 
What are Irregular Verbs ? 
Repeat them. 
Conjugate them in order. 

Words containing the sound of F : or, 

Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dicta' 

Hon, and Subjects for Composition. 

F, with the First Sound of A.. 



fa'-ble 




faint 


faith'-ful-ness 


fa' -bier 




faint-heart' -ed 


faith' -less 


face 




faint' -ly 


fame 


fa-ce'-tious 




fair 


fa'-mous 


fa-ce'-tious- 


ly 


fair'-ing 


fa'-mous-ly 


fa'-cing 




fair'-ly 


fane 


fail 




fair'-y 


fare 


fail'-ure 




faith 


fare' -well 


fail' -in g 




faith'-ful 


fa'-tal 


fain 




faith'-ful-ly 


fa'-tal-ist 



142 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



fa-taF -i-ty 

fa'-tal-ly 

fate 

far 

far-ietched' 
farce 
far'-ci-cal 

fall 

fal'-chion 
fal' -con 
fal' -con- er 
fall 
false 

fat 

fab'-ric 

fab -ri-ca-tion 

fab'-u-list 

fab'-u-lous 

fa'-cile 

fa-cil'-i-tate 

fa-cil'-i-ty 

fact 

fac'-tion 

fac'-tor 

fac'-to-ry 

fac'-ul-ty 

fal-la'-cious 

fal'-la-cy 

fear 
fear'-ful 



fa' -ted fa'-vour~a-bly 

fa'-vour fa'-vour-ite 

fa'-vour-a-ble fay 

F, with the Second Sound of A. 

farm far' -thin-gale 

farm'-er fath'-er 

far'-ther fath'-er-less 

far' -tbes t fath' -er-ly 

F, with the Third Sound of A. 

false' -hood fault 

false' -ly fault'-less 

fal'-si-fy fault' -y 

fal'-si-ty fawn 

fal'-ter fawn'-er 



F, with the Fourth Sound of A. 

fal'-li-ble fan'-ta-sy 

fal' -low 

fal'-low-ness 

fa'-mil-iar 

fa-mil-i-ar'-i-ty 

fa-mil' -iar-ize 

fa-mil' -iar-ly 

fam'-i-ly 



fam'-ine 

fam'-ish 

fan 

fan-at'-ic 

fan'-ci-ful 

fan'-cy 

fan-tas'-tic 



far'-ri-er 

fas'-cin-ate 

fash' -ion 

fash'-ion-a-ble 

fash' -ion- a-bly 

fast 

fast' -en 

fas-tid'-i-ous 

fath'-om 

fath'-om-less 

fat 

fat'-ness 

fat' -ten 

fat'-u-ous 



F, tvith the First Sound ofR. 
fear'-ful-ly fear' -less 

fear'-less-ly fea'-si-ble 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



143 



fea'-si-bly 


fee/-ble-ness 


fe-li'-ci-ty 


feast 


feed 


fe-lo'-ni-ous-ly 


feast' -er 


feel 


fe'-rine 


fea'-ture 


feel'-ing 


fe-ro'-cious 


fee 


feel'-ing-ly 


fe-ro'-ci-ty 


fee'-ble 


fe-li'-ci-tate 






F, vjith Second Sound 


o/E. 


feath'-er 


fen 


fer'-ret 


feath'-ered 


fence 


fer'-ry 


feath'-e-ry 


fence' -less 


fer'-tile 


feb'-ru-a-ry 


fen'-cer 


fer-tii'-i-ty 


fell 


fend 


fer-til-ize' 


fell'-ness 


fen'-ny 


fer'-vent 


fel-low-crea'- 


ture fer-ment' 


fer'-ven-cy 


fel' -low-ship 


fer-ment'-al 


fer'-u-la 


fel'-on 


fern 






F, with the First Sound of I. 


fi'-bre 


fi' -nal 


fi'-nite 


fi'-brous 


. fi'-nal-ly 


fire 


fi'-er-y 


fine 


fire' -brand 


fife 


fine'-ly 


fire' -side 


file 


fi'-ne-ry 


five 




F, ivith the Second Sound of I. 


fib 


fifth 


fil'-ial 


fib'-ber 


fif'-ti-eth 


fil -i-a-tion 


fic'-kle 


fif'-ty 


fill 


fic'-tion 


fig 


fil'-trate 


fic'-tious 


fig'-ment 


fil-tra'-tion 


fic-ti'-tious 


fig'-u-ra-tive 


fin-ance' 


fid' -die 


fig'-u-ra-tive-ly 


fin-an-cier'. 


fid'-dler 


fig'-ure 


fin'-i-tude 


fif'-teen 


fil'-a-ment 


fis'-cal 


fif -teenth 


filch 


fis'-sure 



144 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



fix 
fix'-ed-ly 



fix-id'-i-ty 
fix'-ture 



fit 

fit'-ly 
fit'-ness 

F, with the First Sound of I, like E 
fi-del'-i-ty fiend fierce'-ness 

fief fierce fi-la'-cious 

field fierce' -ly 

F, with the Second Sound of I, like E. 
firm firm'-ly firm'-ness 

fir' -ma-men t fir-ma-men' -tal 

F, with I, like the Second Sound of TJ. 



first 

fla-gi'-tious 
fla'-gran-cy 
fla' -grant 
flake 

flaunt 
flaw 



first' -born first' -ling 

Fl, with the First Sound of A. 

fla'-ky fla'-vour 

flame flay 

fla'-my flay'-er 

Fl, with the Second Sound of A. 

flaunt' -nig flaunt' -ing-ly 

Fl, with the Third Sound of A. 

flaw' -less flaw'-y 

Fl, with the Fourth Sound of A. 

flash'-y flat'-ter 

flat flat'-ter-er 

flat'-ly flat'-te-ry 

flat'-ness flax 

flat' -ten flax' -en 



flac'-cid 

flag 

flag' -on 

flam' -beau 

flam-ma-bil' -i-ty 

flash 

Fl, with the First Sound ofJL. 
flee fleer fleet' -ness 

fleece fleet fledge 

flee'cy fleet' -ly flesh 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 145 

flesh' -co-lour flex-i-bil'-i-ty flex' -ion 

flesh'-ly flex'-i-ble flex'-ure 

flesh'-y flex'-ile flex'-u-ous 

Fl, with the First Sound of I. 
fli'-er flight flight' -y 

Fl, with the Second Sound of I. 



flick'-er 




fling 


flip' -pant 


flim'-sy 




fling' -ei 


flip'-pant-ly 


flinch 




flint 


flitch 


flinch'-ing 




flin'-ty 

Fli as U. 


fiit'-ting 


flirt 




flirt'-ing 


flir-ta'-tion 




Fl, 


with the First Sound 


ofO. 


float 




floor' -ing 


flo-rif'-er-ous 


floor 




flo'-ral 


flo'-rist 



Fl, with the Fourth Sound of O. 
flock flor'-id flor'-id-ness 

Fl, with the First Sound of U. 
flue flu'-ent-ly flu'-id-ness 

flu'-en-cy flu'-id flute 

flu'-ent flu-id' -i-ty flu'-or 

Fl, with the Second Sound of U. 
fluc'-tu-ate flush flux 

fluc-tu-a'-tion flut'-ter flux' -ion 

Fl with Y as I. 
fly fly'-er fly' -at 

F, with the First Sound of O. 
foam fold fo'-li-o 

foam'-y fo-li-a'-cious folk 

fo'-cal fo'-li-age fo-ment' 

foe fo -li-a-tion fo-men-ta'-tion 

13 



146 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



fo-men'-ter 


fore-go' 


forge 


force 


fore' -ground 


for'-ger 


force '-ful 


fore' -head 


for'-ge-ry 


force' -er 


fore-know' 


fort 


for'-ci-ble 


fore-knowl'-edge 


forth 


for'-ci-bly 


fore' -man 


forth-with' 


ford 


fore' -noon 


fo'-rum 


ford'-a-ble' 


fo-ren'-sic 


four 


fore-bode' 


fore-run' -ner 


four' -fold 


fore-bo'-der 


fore-see' 


fouf'-score 


fore' -cast 


fore' -sight 


four' -square 


fore-close' 


fore-stall' 


four' -teen 


fore-doom' 


fore-taste' 


four'-teenth 


fore-fath'-er 


fore-tell' 


fourth 


fore-fend 


fore- warn' 


fourth' -ly 


F, 


with the Second Sound of 0. 


food 


fool-har'-di-ness 


fool'-ish-ly 


fool 


fool-har'-dy 


fool'-ish-ness 


fool'-e-ry 


fool'-ish 




F 


, with the Third Sound of 0. 


for 


for-lorn' 


for'-ti-fy 


for' -age 


form 


for-ti-fi-ca'-tion 


for -bear 


for'-mal 


for'-ti-fi-er 


fdr-bid' 


for'-mal-ist 


for'-ti-tude 


for-bid'-ding 


for-mal'-i-ty 


fort' -night 


for'-feit 


for'-mal-ize 


for-tu'-i-tous 


for'-feit-ure 


for'-mal-ty 


for'-tu-nate 


for-get' 


for -ma-tion 


for'-tu-nate-ly 


for-get' -ful 


for'-mer-ly 


for' -tune 


for-get'-ful-ness 


for'-mi-da-ble 


for'-tune-tel-ler 


for-give' 


for'-mi-da-bly 


for'-ty 


for-give'-ness 


for-sake' 


for' -ward 


for-giv'-er 


for-sa'-ken 


for'-ward-ly 


fork 


for-swear' 


for'-ward-ness 


fork'-y 


for'-ti-eth 





ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



147 



F, with the Fourth Sound of O. 



fob 


fon'-dler 


fosse 


fo'-ci] 


fond' -ling 


fos'-sil 


fod'-der 


fond'-ly 


fos'-ter 


fog 


fond'-ness 


fos'-ter-child 


fog'-gy 


font 


fos'-ter-er 


fol'-li-cle 


fop 


fos'-ter-pa-rent 


fol'-low 


fop'-pe-ry 


fox 


fol'-ly 


fop'-pish~ly 


fox' -chase 


fond 


for'-eign 


fox' -glove 


fon'-dle 


for' -est 


fox-hunt' -er 




Fr, with the First Sound 


'of A. 


fra'-grance 


fra'-grant-ly 


frame 


fra'-gran-cy 


frail 


fra'-mer 


fr a' -grant 


. frail' -ty 


fray 



Fr, with th% Third Sound of A.. 
fraud fraud' -u-lent fraud'-ful-ly 

fraud' -u-lence fraud'-ful fraught 

Fr, with the Fourth Sound of A. 
frac'-tion frag'-ment frank' -ness 

frac -tion-al fran'-chise fran'-tic 

frac'-ture frank fran'-tic-ly 

fra'-gile frank' -lin fra-ter'-nal 

fra-gil'-i-ty frank' -ly fra-ter'-ni-ty 

Fr, with the First Sound ofE. 



freak 
freak' -ish 
freak' -ish-ly 
free 

free-boot' -er 
free-boot' -ing 
free' -born 



free'-dom 
free-heart' -ed 
free' -hold 
free'-ly 
free' -man 
free-think'-er 
free' -will 



freeze 

fre-net'-ic 

fre'-quent 

fre-quent' 

fre-quent'-er 

fre'-quent-ly 



14S GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

Fr, with the Second Sound q/'E. 

frec'-kle fresh fret 

fred fresh' -et fret'-ful 

fren'-zy fresh' -ly fret' -ful-ly 

fres'-co fresh' -ness fret'-ful-ness 

Fr, with the First Sound ofl. 

fri'-a-ble fright fright' -ful-ly 

fri'-ar fright' -ful fri-gid'-i-ty 

Fr, with the Second Sound ofl. 

fric'-tion frip'-pe-ry frit'-ter 

frig'-ate frip'-per-er friv'-o-lous 

fri'-gid frit friv'-o-lous-ly 
fringe frith 

Fr, with the First Sound of O. 
fro' -ward fro'-ward-ly fro'-zen 

Fr, with the Fourth Sound of O. 



frog 


front' -ier 


frost' -i-ly 


frol'-ic 


front'-is-piece 


frost'-y 


frol'-ic-some 


front'-let 


froth 


frond-if'-er-ous 


frost 


froth'-y 


front 


frost'-ed 






Fr, with the Sound 


ofV. 


fruc'-tif'-e-rous 


frus'-trate 


frus-tra'-tion 


fruc'-ti-fy 


frus'-tum 

Fru, as oo. 


frus'-tra-tive 


fru'-gal 


fruit' -age 


fruit' -ful-ly 


fru'-gal-ly 


fruit' -er-er 


fruit' -ful-ness 


fru-gal'-i-ty 


fruit' -er-y 


fru-i'-tion 


fruit 


fruit'-ful 


fru'-i-tive 



Fr, with the Sound of Y. as I. 
fry fry'-ing-pan 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



149 



F, with the First Sound of U. 



fu'-gi-tive 


fu-ne'-re-al 


fu'-sil 


fume 


fu'-ri-ous 


fu-sil-eer' 


fu'-mid 


fu'-ri-ous-ly 


fu'-sion 


fu' -mi-gate 


fu'-ry 


fu'-tile 


fu-mi-ga'-tive 


fuse 


fu-til'-i-ty 


fu'-ming-ly 


fu'-si-ble 


fu'-ture 


fu'-ner-al 


fu-si-bil'-i-ty 


fu-tu'-ri-ty 


F, 


with the Second Sound of U. 


ful'-gen-cy 


fun-da-men' -tal 


fur'-ni-ture 


ful'-gent 


fun-da-men'-tal-ly 


fur'-ri-er 


ful'-gid 


fung'-ous 


fur' -row 


ful-gid'-i-ty 


fur 


fur'-ther 


fiil'-mi-nate 


fur' -long 


fur-ther'-ance 


ful-mi-na'-tion 


fur' -lough 


furse 


ful' -some 


fur'-nace 


fus'-tian 


func'-tion 


fur'-nish 


fuzz 


fund 


fur'-nish-er 





full 



F, ivith the Third Sound of J], 

ful-nT full'-blown 



EXERCISES ON THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 

Select the Irregular Verbs and conjugate them, and write 
them in composition. 



DEFECTIVE VERBS. 



Defective Verbs are those, which are used only, in some of 
the Moods and Tenses. 

The principal of them are : 
Present Tense. Imperfect. Present. Imperfect. Imperfect. 
Can. Could. Will. Would. Quoth. 

May. Might. Must. Must. 

Shall. Should. Ought. Ous-ht. 

13* 



150 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

V, as heard in Violin. 

The Violin is a stringed instrument of great power, the 
invention of which is lost in the dark ages. 

The Violar, or performer on the Viol, was a companion of 
the Troubadour. The name, Fiddle, is Gothic. Vedal and 
Fedal are the German and Danish. About the close of the 
sixteenth century, the form of the Violin was altered : it had, 
previous to that period, six strings, and was accompanied by 
a short bow. 

"We must look to Italy as the seat of Music, as well as other 
of the fine arts: there it was fostered, and from thence it was 
diffused throughout Europe. 

The names of many distinguished artists have come to us 
as performers and improvers of this delightful instrument, but 
that of Paganini, in modern times, stands pre-eminent: he 
was a native of Scura, and was born in 1784. Ole Bull, a 
native of Norway, who has distinguished himself among us as 
a musician and performer on the Violin, is said to tread more 
closely upon the heels of Paganini than any other modern 
artist. Ole Bull, when very young, sold his last shirt at 
Paris, to enable him to hear Paganini ; he resolved to follow 
the method of the master, and rival him. Immense audiences 
in New-York attest the power of this musician on the Violin. 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

Which words contain the sound of V? 
What are Defective Verbs ? 
Repeat them. 
In how many Tenses are they used ? 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 151 

Words containing the Sound of V: or, 

Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dic- 
tation and Subjects for Composition. 

V, with the First Sound of A. 
va'-can-cy va' -grant vain-glo'-ri-ous 

va'-cant vague vain-glo'-ry 

va'-cate vail vain-ly 

va'-gran-cy vain vale 

V, with the Second Sound of A. 
var'-nish var'-nish-er var'-nish-ing 

V, with the Third Sound of A. 
vault vaunt vaunt' ed 

vault'-ed vaunt'-er vaunt'-ing-ly 

vault' -age 

V, with the Fourth Sound of A.. 
va-ca'-tion va-lid'-i-ty van-guard' 

va r -cil-lan-cy val'-ley va-nil'-la 

va -cil-la-tion val'-or-ous van'-ish 

vac-u-a'-tion val'-or-ously van'-i-ty 

vac'-u-i-ty val'-our van' -qui sh 

vac' -u-um val' -u-a-ble van' -quish-er 

vag'-a-bond val-u-a'-tion va-ri'-e-ty 

va-ga'-ry val'-ue vas'-cu-lar 

val -e-dic-tion val'-ue-less vas'-sal 

val -e-dic'-to-ry valve vas'-sal-lage 

val' -en-tine val'-vule vast 

val-e-tu-di-na'-ri-an vamp vas-ta'-tion 

val'-iant vamp'-er vast'-ly 

val'-iant-ly van vast'-ness 

val' -id van-cou-rier' vav'-a-soor 

V, with the First Sound of E. 
veer ve'-he-men-cy ve-lo'-ci-ty 

ve-gete' ve'-he-ment ve'-ni-al 

ve'-he-mence ve'-he-ment-ly ve-ra'-ci-ty 



152 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



V, with the Second Sound o/*E. 



ve-ge-ta-bil'-i- 

ve'-ge-ta-ble 

ve'-ge-tate 

ye-ge-ta'-tion 

ve'-ge-ta-tive 

vel'-vet 

vend 

ven-dee' 

vend'-er 

vend'-i-ble 

ven'-er-a-ble 

ven'-er-a-bly 

ven'-er-ate 

ven-er-a'-tion 

vent 

ven'-ti-late 

ven-til-a'-tion 

ven'-ti-la-tor 

ven'-ture 

ven'-tu-rous 

verb 

vi'-al 

vi-at'-i-cum 

vi'-brate 

vi-bra'-tion 

vi-ca f -ri-ous 

vice 

vice-ge'-rent 

vice'-roy 

vic'-ar 
vi'-cin-age 



ty 



verb'-al 

verb'-al-ly 

ver-ba'-tim 

ver'-ber-ate 

ver-bose' 

ver-bos'-i-ty 

ver'-dant 

ver'-dict 

ver'-dure 

ver'-du-rous 



ver'-nal 

ver-sa-tile • 

ver-sa-til'-i-ty 

verse 

ver-si-fi-ca' -tion 

ver'-sion 

ver'-tex 

ver'-ti-cal 

ves'-per 

ves'-sel 

vest 

ves'-tal 

ves'-ti-bule 

ves'-tige 

vest'-ment 



verge 

ver-i-fi-ca'-tion 
ver-i-fi'-er 
ver'-i-fy 
ver'-i-ty 

ver-i-si-mil'-i-tude ves'-try 
ver'-i-ta-ble ves'-ture 

ver'-i-ta-bly 
ver'-i-ty 
ver-mic'-u-lar 
ver-mic'-u-late 
V, with the First Sound of I. 

vi-cis'-si-tude vi-tal'-i-ty 

vie 

vile 

vile'-ly vi-va'-cious 

vine vi-va'-ci-ty 

vi-ra'-go vi-vif'-i-cate 

vi'-tal vi-vif'-ic 

V, toith the Second Sound of I. 
vi-cin'-i-ty vic'-tor 

vic'-tim vic-to'-ri-ous 



vet'-e-ran 

vex 

vex-a-tious 



vi'-tal-ly 
vi-tals 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



153 



vic'-to-ry 


vin'-tage 


vis'-i-tant 


vict'-ual 


vint'-ner 


vis-i-ta'-tion 


vi'-gil 


vi'-ol 


vis'-it-er 


vi'-gil-ance 


vi'-o-lin 


vis' -or 


vi'-gil-ant 


vir'-u-lent 


vis'-ta 


vi'-gil-ant-ly 


vir'-u-lent-ly 


vi'-ti-ate 


vig'-o-rous 


vis' -age 


vi'-tious 


vig'-o-rous-ly 


vis'-cid 


vit'-re-ous 


vig'-our 


vis'-cous 


vit'-ri-fy 


vil'-i-fy l 


vis-i-bil'-i-ty 


viv'-id 


vil'-la 


vis'-i-ble 


viv'-id-ly 


vil'-lage 


vis'-i-bly 


viv-i-fi-ca'-tion 


vil'-la-ger 


vis' -ion 


vix'-en 


vin'-ci-ble 


vis'-ion-a-ry 


viz'-ard 


vin'-di-cate 


vis'-it 


vi-zier' 


vin'-di-ca-tor 






V 


, ivith the First Sound of 0. 


vo-cab'-u-la-ry 


vogue 


vo'-ta-ry 


vo'-cal 


vo-li'-tion 


vo'-ta -ress 


vocal' -ly 


vo-lu'-min-ous 


vote 


vo-ca'-tion 


vo-lute' 


vo'-ter 


vo-cif'-er-ous 


vo-ra'-cious 


vo'-tive 


v, 


ivith the Fourth Sound of 0. 


vol'-a-tile 


vol-ca'-no 


vol'-un-ta-ry 


vol-a-til'-i-ty 


vol'-u-ble 


vol-un-teer' 


vol'-a-til-ize 


vol'-ume 


vor'-tex 




V, with the Sound 


ofV. 


vul'-gar 


vul -gar'-i-ty 


vul'-ner-a-ble 


vul-ga-rism 


vul'-gar-ly 


vul'-ture 



EXERCISES ON VERBS. 

Select the Verbs, and conjugate them with the auxiliaries. 



154 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



ADVERBS. 

* Adverbs modify Verbs, or tell how things act ; they also 
modify Adjectives, and other Adverbs : as, A truly good man. 
They write very correctly. Some Adverbs admit of compari- 
son : as, Soon, Sooner, Soonest. Those ending in ly, are 
compared by more and most : as, Wisely, More Wisely, Most 
Wisely. 
Adverbs may be reduced to certain classes : 



Of Order . . 
Of Number . 
Place .... 
Present Time 
Past Time . 
Future Time 
Indefinite Time 
Quantity . . 
Manner . . . 
Doubt .... 
Affirmation . 
Negation . . 
Interrogation 
Comparison . 



Once, twice, thrice, &c. 

First, secondly, thirdly, &c. 

Here, there, where, whither, &c. 

Now, to-day, &c. 

Already, before, lately, &c. 

To-morrow, hereafter, henceforth, &c. 

Oft, often, oft-times, &c. 

Much, little, sufficiently, &c. 

Wisely, foolishly, justly, unjustly, &c. 

Perhaps, possibly, &c. 

Verily, truly, surely, &c. 

Nay, no, by no means, not at all, &c. 

How, why, wherefore, &c. 

More, most, better, worse, &c. 



LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

T, as heard in Tea. 
Tea is the leaf of a Chinese shrub, from which a refresh- 
ing beverage has been made, ever since its first introduction 
into Europe, in the 16th century, when it sold for $14 per 
pound. This plant is a native of China, Japan, and Ton- 
quin. It is cultivated in valleys, the sloping sides of moun- 
tains, >and the banks of rivers exposed to the southern rays 
of the Sun. There are two principal sorts of Tea, namely * 
the Green, and the Black : these are divided into different 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 155 

species, according to the leaf: as the Imperial, Hyson, Sou- 
chong, Bohea, Pekoe, &c. In seven years the shrub rises 
about six feet, and then being cut down, produces fresh 
shoots, each of which bears as many leaves as the whole 
shrub. 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

Which words contain the sound of T ? 

What are Adverbs ? 

Which words are Adverbs ? 

What parts of speech do they modify ? 

How are they compared ? 

How may they be classed ? 

Which are adverbs of Order ? 

Number ? 

Place ? 

Time Present ? 

Time Past ? 

Future Time ? 

Time Indefinite ? 

Quantity ? 

Manner ? 

Doubt ? 

Affirmation ? 

Negation ? 

Interrogation ? 

Comparison ? 

Words containing the Sound of T : or, 
Exercizes in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dic- 
tation, and Subjects for Composition. 
T, ivith the First Sound of A. 
ta'-ble ta'-king tale'-bear-er 

ta'-bour ta'-ker tame 

take tale tame'-ly 



156 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



tame'-ness tare taste'-less 

ta'-mer taste tast'-er 

ta'-per taste' -ful tast'-ing 

T, with the Second Sound of A.. 

tar tar' -gum tar-ta'-ri-ous 

tar'-di-ly tar'-nish tart'-ly 

tar'-di-ness tart taunt 

tar'-dy tar' -tar taunt'-er 

tar' -get tar-ta'-ri-an taunt' -in g-ly 

T, with the Third Sound of A. 

talk tall tau-tol'-o-gist 

talk'-a-tive taught taw' -dry 

talk'-er tau-tol'-o-gy taw'-ny 

T, with the Fourth Sound of A. 



tab' -by 
tab'-er-na-cle 
tab'-leau 
tab'-let 
% tab'-our-et 
tab'-our-ine 
tache 

tach'-y-gra-phy 
ta'-cit 
ta'-cit-ly 
ta-ci-tur'-ni-ty 
tac'-tic 

teach 

teach'-a-ble 

teach' -er 

team 

tear 

tear'-ful 



tac'-tile 

tal'-ent 

tal'-is-man 

tal-is-man'-ic 

tal'-ly 

tal'-mud 

tarn' -per 

tan'-gent 

tan'-gi-ble 

tan'-ta-mount 

tar-an'-tu-la 

tar' -iff 



task 

task'-mas-ter 

tas'-sel 

tat'-ter 

tat'-tle 

tat' -tier 

tat-too' 

tav'-ern 

tax 

tax'-a-ble 

tax-a'-tion 

tax'-er 



T, with the First Sound ofE. 

tease te-na'-cious-ly 

te'-di-ous te-na'-ci- ty 

teem te'-nure 

te-mer'-i-ty te-trag'- o-nal 



te-na'-ci ous 



te'-trarch 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



157 



T, 


with the Second Sound of Hi. 


teeh'-y 


ten' -a-ble 


ter-rif'-ic 


tel'-es-cope 


ten '-ant 


ter'-ri-fy 


tel-e-scop'-ic 


ten'-ant-a-ble 


ter'-ri-to-ry , 


tem'-per-a-ment 


ten'-den-cy 


tes' -sel-la-ted 


tem'-per-ate 


ten'-der 


tes*-ta-ment 


tem'-per-ate-iy 


ten'-der-ly 


tes-ta-men' -ta-ry 


tem'-per-a-ture 


ten'-der-ness 


tes'-tate 


tern' -pest 


ten'-dril 


tes-ta'-tor 


tem-pest'-u-ous 


ten'-e-ment 


tes-ta'-trix 


tem'-plar 


ten'-et 


tes f -ti-fy 


tem'-ple 


ten' -or 


tes-ti-mo'-ni-ai 


tem'-po-ral 


tense 


tes'-ti-mo-ny 


tem-po-ral'-i-ty 


tep f -id 


tes'-ty 


tem'-po-ra-ry 


ter-gi-ver-sa'-tion 


tet'-rar-chy 


tem'-po-rize 


term 


text 


tem'-po-ri-zer 


ter'-ma-gant 


tex'-tile 


tempt 


ter'-mi-nate 


tex' -trine 


tempt' -a-ble 


ter-mi-na'-tion 


tex'-tu-a-ry 


tempt-a'-tion 


ter'-ri-ble 


tex'-ture 


tempt' -er 


ter'-ri-bly 




T 


, with the First Sound of I. 


ti-a'-ra 


ti'-ler 


tire 


tide 


time 


tire'-wo-man 


tides' -man 


time' -ful 


tithe 


ti'-di-ly 


time' -less 


tithe' -a-ble 


ti' -dings 


time'-ly 


ti'-ther 


ti'-dy 


time'-ser-ving 


ti' -thing 


tie 


tine 


ti'-tle 


tile 


ti'-ny 


ti' -tie-page 


T, 


with the Second Sound of I. 


tick 


till 


tilt 


tick'-et 


til'-lage 


til'-ter 


14* 







158 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



tilth 

tim'-ber 

tim'-breJ 

tim'-id 

ti-mid'-i-ty 

tim'-o-rous 

tim'-o-rous-ly 

toad 

toast 

toast' -er 

to-bac'-co 

to-bac'-con-ist 

toe 

torch 

torch' -bearer 

torch' -light 

tor'-ment 

tor-ment' 

tor-men' -tor 

tor-na'-do 

tor-pe'-do 

tol'-er-a-ble 

tol'-er-a-bly 

tol'-er-ate 

tongs 

ton'-ic 

trace 
trade 

trade'-wind 
tra'-der 



tinct 

tinct'-ure 

tind 

tin'-der 

tin'-kle 

tin'-sel 



tint 

tis'-sue 

tit'-il-late 

tit' -tie 

tit'-u-lar 

tit'-u-la-ry 



T, with the First Sound of O. 

to'-ged tone 

to-geth'-er to'-phet 

to' -ken to-pog'-ra-pher 

toll to-pog'-ra-phy 

toll' -booth to'-ta! 

tome tow 

T, with the Third Sound of O. 



tor'-pid 

tor'-pid-ness 

tor'-pi-tude 

tor'-por 

tor'-re-fy 

tor' -rent 

torse 

tor'-sel 



tor'-tion 
tor'-tu-ous 
tor' -tile 
tor'-toise 
tor-tu-os'-i-ty 
tor'-tu -ous 
tor-ture 
tor'-tu-rer 



T, toith the Fourth Sound of O. 

ton' -sure top'-sy-tur-vy 

top'-i-cal-ly tor-rid 

top'-ic toss 

top' -sail tox'-i-cal 

Tr, with the First Sound of A. 

trades' -man trai' -tor-ous 

trail trai' -tress 

train trape 

trai' -tor 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



159 



Tr, 



track 

track' -less 

tract 

tract' -a-ble 

tract' -a-bly 

trac'-tate 

trac'-tile 

tra-di'-tion 

tra-di'-tion-al 

tra-di'-tion-al-ly 

tra-di'-tion-aj-ry 

tra-duce' 

tra-du'-cer 

tra-du'-ci-ble 

tra-duc'-tion 

traf -fie 

traf'-fick-er 

tra'-ge-di-an 

tra'-ge-dy 

tra'-gi-cal 

tra'-gic 

tra-ject' 

tra-jec'-tion 

tram'-mel 

tram '-pie 

trance 

tran'-quil 



with the Fourth Sound of A. 
tran-quil'-K-ty trans-la' -tion 



trans-act 

trans-ac'-tion 

trans-cend' 

trans-cen'-dent 

trans-cen-den'-tal 

trans-cribe' 

trans-cri'-ber 

trans' -cript 

trans-crip' -tion 

transe 

trans' -fer 



trans-la' -tor 

trans-lu'-cid 

trans-ma-rine' 

trans' -mi-grate 

trans-mi-gra' -tion 

trans-mis'-'sion 

trans-mis' -si ve 

trans-mit' 

trans-mu-ta'-tion 

trans-mute' 

trans-pa'-ren-cy 



trea'-cle 
trea'-son 
trea'-son-ous 
treat 



trans-fig-u-ra-tion trans-pa' -rent 
trans-fig' -ure trans' -pire 

trans' -form 
trans-for-ma' -tion 
trans-fuse' 



Tr. 



trans-plant' 
trans-plan-ta'-tion 
trans-pose' 
trans-fu'-sion trans-po-si'-tion 

trans-gress' trans-verse' 

trans-gres' -sor trans-verse' -ly 

trans-gres'-sion trap 
tran'-sient tra-pe'-zi-um 

tran'-sit tra-pe'-zoid 

tran-si'-tion trav'-el 

tran'-si-tive trav'-el-Ier 

tran'-si-to-ry trav'-erse 

trans' -late trav'-es-ty 

with the First Sound o/E. 
treat' -ise tre-men'-dous 

treat' -ment tre'-mour 

treat' -y tre-pan' 

tree 



160 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



Tr, with the Second Sound of E. 



treach'-er-ous 


tre'-ble 


trench'-er 


treach'-er-ous 


-ly tre'-bly 


trep -i-da-tion 


treach'-e-ry 


trei'-lis 


tres'-pass 


tread 


trem'-u-lous 


tres'-pas-ser 


treas'-ure 


trench 


tres'-ses 


treas'-u-rer 


trench' -ant 


trev'-et 


treas'-u-ry 








Tr, with the First Sound of I. 


tri'-ad 


tri'-dent 


trite 


tri'-al 


tri-en'-ni-al 


tri'-umph 


tri'-an-gle 


tri'-fie 


tri-um'-phal 


tri-an'-gu-lar 


tri'-fler 


tri-um'-phant 


tribe 


tri' -fling 


tri-um'-phant-ly 


tri-bu'-nal 


tri' -form 


tri-um'-vi-rate 


tri-chot'-o-my 








Tr, with the Second Sound, of I. 


trib ~u-la-tion 


trill 


trine 


trib'-u-ta-ry 


tril'-lion 


trin'-ket 


trib'-ute 


trim 


tri'-ple 


trib'-une 


trim'-mer 


triv'-ial 


trick 


trim'-ly 


triv'-ial-ly 


trick' -ish 


trim'-ming 






Tr, with the First Sound ofO. 


tro'-chee 


tro'-phied 


tro'-ver 


trope 


tro'-phy 






Tr, with the Fourth 


Sound of 0. 


trog'-lo-dyte 


trop'-ic 


troth 


trop'-i-cal 


trop'-i-cal-ly 


troth' -plight 




Tr, with the Sound of U. 


truck 


trum'-pet 


trus-tee' 


truck' -le 


trun'-cheon 


trus'-ter 


trudge 


trunk 


trust' -less 


rrurnp 


trust 


trust'-ly 


trum'-pe-ry 







ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



161 



T, with the First Sound of U. 



tube 


tu'-mid 


tune' -less 


tu'-ber-ous 


tu'-mour 


tu'-nic 


tu'-bu-lar 


tu'-mult 


tu' -til-age 


tues'-day 


tu-mul'-tu-ous 


tu'-te-la-ry 


tu-i'-tion 


tu'-na-ble 


tu'-tor 


tu'-lip 


tune 


tu' -tor-age 


tu-me-fac'-tion 


tune'-ful 


tu' -tor-ess 


tu'-me-fy 






T, 


ivith the Second Sound of TJ. 


tun'-nel 


tur'-key 


turn 


tur'-bid 


tur-kois' 


turn' -coat 


tur'-bu-lent 


tur'-mid 


turn'-er 


cur'-gid 








T, with the Sound 


qfW. 


twain 


twelve' -month 


twi' -light 


twang 


twelve' -score 


twine 


twelfth 


twen'-ti-eth 


twin 


twelve 


twen'-ty 


twin'-kle 


twelfth' -tide 


twice 


twin'-kling 



T, with the Sound of Y as I. 
tye ty'-rant tym'-pa-num 

ty-pog'-ra-pher ty'-ro typ'-i-cal-ly 

ty-pog'-ra-phy tym'-bal typ'-i-fy 

EXERCISES ON ADVERBS. 

Select the Adverbs, and use them in composition with 
other words. 



14* 



162 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



PREPOSITIONS. 

Prepositions express the relation of things : they govern 
Nouns and Pronouns : as, Children are taught by their pa- 
rents. Mary's letter came from her brother ; he sent it to 
her. 

The following is a list of the principal Prepositions : 



of 


into 


above 


at 


off 


to 


within 


below 


near 


on or upon 


for 


without 


between 


up 


among 


by 


over 


beneath 


down 


after 


with 


under 


from 


before 


about 


in 


through 


beyond 


behind 


against 



LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

D, as heard in Diamond 

Diamond is the name of a precious stone : the hardest of 
all bodies, the most brilliant, and the most valuable. Dia- 
monds are found in Brazil, Borneo, and Golconda. The 
hardest tools make no impression upon them ; they are cut 
and ground by a powder of their own substance. The value 
of a diamond consists in three things : its lustre or water, its 
hardness, and its weight or size. Its weight is estimated by 
carats, of 4 grains each. Some diamonds are of great size, 
and are valued at immense prices. The largest in the world 
belongs to the Sovereign of Portugal : it weighs 1680 carats, 
and although uncut, is worth 1200 millions of dollars. The 
one that ornaments the sceptre of the Emperor of Russia, 
weighs 779 carats, and is valued at upwards of 20 millions : 
it is nearly as large as a pigeon's egg. The one belonging 
to the Rajah of Mattan, was found in the island of Borneo 
about 100 years ago — its weight is 367 carats. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, 163 

A Dutch governor of Batavia, wishing to purchase this 
Diamond, offered to the Rajah in exchange $150,000. two 
large brigs of war, with their guns and ammunition, together 
with other pieces of cannon, with a quantity of powder and 
shot; but the Rajah refused to part with the gem, to which 
the Malays attribute supernatural powers 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

Which words contain the sound of D ? 
What are Prepositions ? 
Which words are Prepositions ? 
Which are the principal Prepositions ? 

Words containing the sound of D : or, 
Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dic- 
tation and Subjects for Composition. 

D, with the First Sound of A. 

dai'-ly dai'-sy day 

dain'-ty dale day' -break 

dain'-ti-ly dame day' -star 

dai'-ry date day' -time 
dai'-ry-maid 

D, with the Second Sound of A. 

dark dark'-ness dart 

dark' -en dark' -some daunt 

dark' -ling ■ darn daunt' -less 
dark'-ly 

D with the Third Sotcnd of A. 
daub ' daub'-y dawn 

daub'-er daugh'-ter dawn'-ing 

D, with the Fourth Sound of A. 
dac'-tyle dap' -pie daz'-zle 

dam' -ask dash 



164 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



de-ceit' 

de-ceit'-ful 

de-ceiv'-a-ble 

de-ceive' 

de'-cent-ly 

de-cide' 

de-cid'-u-ous 

de-ci'-pher 

de-ci'-pher-er 

de-cis'-ion 

de-ci'-sive 

de-ci'-sive-ly 

de-claim' 

de-clam' -a-to-ry 

de clar'-a-tive 

de-clen'-sion 

de-cline' 

de-cliv'-i-ty 

de-coct' 

de-coc'-tion 

de-com-pose' 

de-com-pound' 

de-co'-rous 

de-co'-rum 

de-coy' 

de-cree' 

de-crep'-it 

de-cre'-tal 

de-duce' 

de-du'-ci-ble 

de-duct' 

de-duc'-tion 

de-funct' 



D, unth the First Somid ofE. 

de-gen'-er-ate de-pen'-dant 

de-gen-er-a'-tion 

de-grade' 



de-gree' 

de'-i-fy 

de'-ism 

de-is-ti'-cal 

de'-i-ty 

de-lec'-ta-ble 

de-lib'-er-ate 

de-lib-er-a'-tion 

de-lib' -er-a-tive 

de-light' 

de-light'-ful 

de-light' -some 

de-lin'-e-ate 

de-lin-e-a'-tion 

de-lin'-quent 

de-liv'«er 

de-liv'-er-er 

de-lude' 

de-lu'-sion 

de-mean' 

de-men' -tate 

de-mise' 

de-moc'-ra-cy 

de-mon'-strate 

de-mur' 

de-mure' 

de-mure' -ly 

de-mur' -rer 

de-nu'-Jate 

de'-o-dand 



de-pend' 

de-pop'-u-late 

de-pose' 

de-pos'-i-ta-ry 

de-pos'-ite 

de-pute' 

de-riv'-a-tive 

de-rive' 

de-rog'-a-to-ry 

de-scen'-dant 

de-scen'-sion 

de-scent' 

de-scrip'-tion 

de-sert' 

de-sic'-cate 

de-sign' 

de-sign'-er 

de-sire' 

de-si' -rous 

de-spoil' 

de-spond' 

de-spon'-dent 

de-tecf 

de-tec' -tion 

de-ter'-gent 

de-vel'-op 

de'-vi-ate 

de -vi-a-tion 

de-vice' 

de'-vi-ous 

de-vise' 

de-void' 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



165 



de-voir' 


de-vote' 


de-vout' 


de-volve' 


de-vo'-tion 


de-vout'-ly 


D, 


with the Second Sound ofEt. 


dead 


ded'-i-cate 


dep'-re-date 


dead'-ly 


ded-i-ca'-tion 


dep -re-da' -tion 


dead'-ness 


def'-er-ence 


dep' -re-da-tor 


deaf 


def'-i-nite 


dep-u-ta'-tion 


deaf -en 


def-i-ni'-tion 


der-i-va'-tion 


deaf'-ness 


deg-ra-da'-tion 


der'-o-gate 


dearth 


del'-e-gate 


der'-vise 


death 


del'-i-ca-cy 


des'-cant 


death' -less 


del'-i-cate 


des'-e-crate 


debt 


delve 


des'-o-late 


dec'-ade 


del'-uge 


des-o-la'-tion 


dec'-a-gon 


dem'-i 


des'-pi-ca-ble 


dec'-a-logue 


dem-o-crat'-i-cal 


des'-pot 


de'-ci-mal 


dem-on-stra' -tion 


des-pot'-ic 


de'-ci-mate 


den-drol'-o-gy 


des-sert' 


de-ci-ma'-tion 


den'-i-zen 


dev-as-ta'-tion 


dec-la-ra'-tion 


dense 


dev-o-tee' 


dec-li-na'-tion 


den'-si-ty 


dex-ter'-i-ty 


dec'-o-rate 


den'-tal 


dex'-ter-ous 


dec-o-ra'-tion 


den-tic' -u-la-ted 


dex'-ter-ous-ly 


D 


with the First Sound of I. 


di'-a-dem 


di'-a-per 


di-o'-ce-san 


di-ag'-o-nal 


di-aph'-a-nous 


di'-o-cess 


di'-a-gram 


di'-a-phragm 


di-op'-tive 


di'-al 


di'-a-ry 


di-plo'-ma 


di'-a-lect 


di-gres'-sion 


di'-van 


di'-a-logue 


di-late' 


di-var'-i-cate 


di-am'-e-ter 


di-lute' 


di-verge' 


di-a-met'-ri-cal 


di-lu'-vi-an 


di-ver'-gent 


di'-a-mond 


di-men'-sion 


di' -verse 


di-a-pa'-son 


di-min'-u-tive 


di-ver'-si-fy 



166 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



di-ver'-sion 
di-vid'-u-al 
di-vine' 
di-vine'-ly 

diota'-tion 

dic'-tion 

dic'-tion-a-ry 

die' -turn 

did 

dif'-fer 

dif-fer-en'-tial 

dif-fuse' 

dif-fu'-sion 

dif-fu'-sive 

dif-fu'-sing 

dif-fu'-sive~ly 

dif-fu'-sive-ness 

di'-git 

di'-gi-ta-ted 

dig'-ni-fied 

dil-a-ta'-tion 

dis-a-buse' 

dis-a-gree' 

dis-al-low' 

dis-as'-ter 



di-vi'-ner 
di-vin'-i-ty 
di-vis'-i-ble 
di-vis-i-bil'-i-tv 



di-ur'-nal 
di-vulge' 
di-vul'-ger 
di-vul'-sion 



D, 



with the Second Sound of I. 
dis-as'-trous dis-mask 



dis-a-vow' 

dis-band' 

dis-cern' 

dis-charge' 

dis-ci'-ple 



dis-par'-age 

dis-par'-age-ment 

dis-par'-i-ty 

dis-pen-sa'-tion 

dis-pense' 



dis-cip-lin-a'-ri-an dis-po'-sal 
dis-ci'-pline dis-po'-ser 



dis-course' 

dis-cour'-sive 

dis-creet' 

dis-creet' -ly 

dis-cre'-tion 

dis-cur'-sive 

dis-cuss' 

dis-cus'-sion 

dis-dain' 

dis-dain' -ful 

dis-in-ter-est'-ed 

dis-like' 

dis'-mal 



dis-tinc'-tion 

dis-tinc'-tive 

dis-tin' -guish-a-ble 

dis-tin' -guished 

dis'-tort 

dis-tor'-tion 

dis-tract' 

dis-trac'-tion 

dis-u'-ni-on 

dis-u-nite' 

dit'-ty 

div-i-na'-tion 

diz'-zi-ness 



do'-ci-ble 
do-cil'-i-ty 
do-dec' -a-gon 
dole 

dole'-ful 
do' -lour 
dolt 
do-main' 



D, with the First Sound of O. 



dome 

do-mes'-tic 

do-mes'-ti-cate 

do-min'-ion 

do-na'-tion 

door 

dose 

do'-tage 



do'-tal 

do-ta'-tion 

dote 

do'-ting-ly 

dough 

doze 

do'-zing-ly 

do'-zy 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



167 



D, with the Second Sound ofO. 



doom 


doom'-ed dooms' -day 




D, with the Third Sound of 0. 


dor'-mant 


dor'-mi-to-ry dor'-mouse 




D, with the Fourth Sound of 0. 


do'-cile 


dog'-ged dom'-i-nate 


doc' -tor 


dog' -ma dom'-i-nant 


doc' -trine 


dog- mat' -ic dom-i-neer' 


doc'-trin-al 


dog'-mat-ist don 


doc'-u-ment 


dog'-ma-tize don'-a-tive 


dog' -days 


dog'-ma-ti-zing dox-ol'-o-gy 




Dr, with the First Sound of A. 


dra'-ma 


dra'-pe-ry dray 


dra'-per 


dra'-per-ies dray' -man 




Dr, with the Third Sound of A. 


draw 


draw'-er draw'-ing-room 


draw' -back 


draw'-ing drawn 




Dr, with the Fourth Sound of A. 


dram 


dram'-a-tist drank 


dram-at'-ic 


dram'-at-ic-al draught 




Dr, with the First Sound, o/E. 


dream 


dream' -er dream' -y 


% dream'-ed 


dream'-ing drear' -y 




Dr, with the Second Sound ofE. 


dread 


drench dres'-sing 


dread'-ful 


dress dres'-ser 


dread' -ful-ly 


dress'-ed dres'-sy 




Dr, with the First Sound of I. 


drive 


dri'-ver dri'-ving 




Dr, with the Second Sound of I. 


drib'-ble 


drift drink 


drib' -let 


drill drink' -a-ble 



168 » GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

drip driv'-el driz'-zling 

drip'-ping driz'-zle driz'-zly 

Dr, ivith the First Sound of O. 
droll drone drove 

drol'-le-ry dro'-rrish dro'-ver 

Dr, with the Second Sound of O. 
droop droop'-ing droop'-ing-ly 

Dr, with the Fourth Sound of O. 
drop drop'-si-cal dross 

drop'-ping drop'-sy dros'-sy 

Dr, with the First Sound of U. 
dru'-id dru-id'-i-cal dm' -id-ism 

Dr, with the Second Sound ofT5. 
drudge drudg'-ing-ly drum 

drudg'-er drug dmm'-ming 

drudg'-e-ry drug' -gist drum'-mer 

Dr, with the Sound ofY, as I. 
dry dry'-ly dry'-ness 

D, with the First Sound of JJ. 



du'-cal 


dupe 


du-ra'-tion 


du'-bi-ous 


du'-pli-cate 


du'-te-ous 


du'-bi-ous-ly 


du-pli-ca'-tion 


du'-ti-ful 


du'-bi-ta-ble 


du-pli'-ci-ty 


du'-ti-ful-ly 


due 


du'-ra-ble 


du'-ties 


du'-li-a 


du'-ra-bly 


du'-ty 




D, vnth Second Sound 


ofV. 


due' -at 


dul'-ci-fy 


dumb 


duck 


dul'-ci-mer 


dusk 


duck'-ling 


dul'-co~rate 


dusk'-y 


duc'-tile 


dull 


dust 


duc-til'-i-ty 


dul'-ly 


dust'-y 


dul'-eet 


dul'-ness 


duch'-ess 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 169 

D, with tlie Sound of W. 
dwarf dwel'-ler dwel' -ling-place 

dwarf -ish dwelt d win' -die 

dwell dwel'-ling d win' -died 

D, with the Sound of Y, as I. 
dy'-ing dy'-nas-ty dys-pep'-sy 

EXERCISES ON THE PREPOSITIONS. 

Select words, and use them with the different Prepositions. 



CONJUNCTIONS. 

Conjunctions connect sentences and words : they are prin- 
cipally of two kinds — Copulative and Disjunctive. 

Copulative Conjunctions connect and continue the sense 
of the sentence : as, You are happy, because you are good. 

Disjunctive Conjunctions serve not only to continue the 
sentence, but to express opposition of meaning : as, They 
came to school to-day — but did not know their lessons. 

The following is a list of the principal Conjunctions : 

Copulative — And, if, that, both, then, since, for, because, 
therefore, wherefore. 

Disjunctive— But, or, nor, as. than, lest, though, unless, 
either, neither, yet, notwithstanding. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

N, as heard in Number. 
The following example will show, how little we realize 
high numbers, when we speak of them. 
15 



170 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

If a person employed in counting money, should reckon 
100 pieces in a minute, and continue at work ten hours each 
day, it would take nearly seventeen days to reckon 1,000,000 
— and it would take a thousand men, forty-five years to count 
a billion, or a million of millions. 

The following- properties of the number Nine were dis- 
covered, some years since ; they may be interesting to young 
readers. 

All the products and combinations of nine are equal to 
nine: 



Thus— 9 
1 


















9 
2 








:9 

6 










18 or 1+8= 


:9 

3 




27 or 2+7= 


=9 

4 




36 


or 3+6= 


= 9 

5 






45 


or 4+5= 






54 


or 5+4= 


=9 

7 






63 


or 6+3= 


= 9 

8 












72 


or 7+2 


=9 
9 






81 


or: 


8+1= 


= 9 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



171 



The number of changes that may be rung on nine bells, is 
362,8S0, which figures being added together, make 27 : as, 
3+6+2+8+8=27. The quotient of 362,880, divided by 
nine, is 40,320 : is equal to, by addition, 4+3+2=9. 

N, with the First Sound of A. 



na'-dir 




na'-tion 


na'-val 


na'-sal 




na'-tive 


nave 


na'-tal 




na'-ture 


na'-vy 




N, 


with the Second Sound of A. 


nar-cis'-sus 




nar-cot'-ic 


nard 




N, 


with the Third Sound 


[of A. 


naught 




nau'-se-ate 


nau'-ti-cal 


nau'-mach-y 




nau'-se-ous 


nau' -til-us 




N, 


with the Fourth Sound of A. 


naph'-tha 




nar'-row 


nat'-u-ral-ist 


nar'-rate 




nar'-row-ly 


nat-u-ral-i-za' -tion 


nar-ra'-tion 




nar'-rows 


nat'-u-ral-ly 


nar'-a-tive 




na'-tion-al 


nav'-i-ga-ble 


nar-ra'-tor 




na-tiv'-i-ty 


nav'-i-gate 


nar'-row-er 




nat'-u-ral 


nav-i-ga'-tion 




N 


, with the First Sound 


ofE. 


neal 




ne-ces'-si-tate 


ne-fa'-ri-ous 


neap 




ne-ces'-si-tous 


ne-ga'-tion 


near 




ne-ces'-si-ty 


ne-go'-ti-ate 


near'-ly 




need 


ne-go -ti-a-tion 


neat 




need'-ful 


ne-go'-ti-a-tor 


neat' -herd 




nee' -die 


nei'-ther 


neat'-ness 




need'-less 


ne'-o-phyte 




N, 


with the Second Sound o/'E. 


neb'-u-la 




ne'-ces-sa-ries 


nec'-ro-man-cer 


neb'-u-lar 




ne'-ces-sa-ry 


nec'-ro-man-cy 


neb'-u-lous 




neck 


nee' -tar 



172 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



nec-ta'-re-ous 




neph'-ew 


neth'-er-most 


nec'-ta-rine 




nerve 


net'-tle 


neg'-a-tive 




ner'-vous 


net 


neg'-a-tive-ly 




nest 


net' -work 


neg'-lect 




nes'-tle 


nev'-er 


neg'-li-gence 




nest' -ling 


nev -er-the-less 


neg'~li-gent 




neth'-er 


next 




N 


■ with the First Sound of I. 


ni'-as 




nigh 


nine'-fold 


nice 




night 


nine -score 


m'ce'-ly 




night' -ly 


nine' -teen 


m'-ce-ty 




ni-hil'-i-ty 


ni'-ten-cy 


ni'-ce-ties 




nine 


ni'-trous 




N, 


with the Second Sound of I. 


nib'-ble 




nick' -name 


nig'-gard-ly 


nib' -bier 




nic'-tate 


nim'-ble 


niche 




nid -i-fi-ca-tion 


nim'-bly 


nick 




nig'-gard 


niv'-e-ous 




N 


, with the First Sound of 0. 


no'-ble 




no-ta'-tion 


no-to'-ri-ous 


no'-ble-man 




note 


no-to'-ri-ous-ly 


no'-bly 




no'-tice 


no'-tus 


node 




no'-ti-fy 


no-va'-tion 


nose' -gay 




no'-tion 


no-vem'-ber 


no-sol' -o-gy 




no'-tion-al 


no' -where 


no'-ta-ry 




no-to-ri'-e-ty 


no' -wise 




N, 


with the Second Sound of 0. 


noon 




noon-tide 


noose 


noon'-day 




noon'-ing 


noos'-ed 




N, 


with the Third Sound of 0. 


nor 




north' -ern 


north' -er-ly 


north 




north' -east 


north' -star 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



173 



north' -ward 


north' -west 


north' -wind 


N, 


with the Fourth Sound of 0. 


noc-tid'-ial 


non'-age 


not'-a-ble 


noc-tif'-e-rous 


non-con-form' -ist 


not'-a-bly 


noc'-tur-nal 


non-con-form' -i-ty 


nov'-el 


nom-en-cla'-tor 


non-en' -ti-ty 


nov'-el-ist 


nom' -i-nal 


non-ex-is' -tence 


nov'-el-ty 


nom'-i-nal-ly 


non-pa-reil' 


no v' -ice 


nom'-i-nate 


non'-plus 


nox'-ious 


nom'-i-na-tive 


non' -sense 


nox'-ious-ly 


nom-i-na'-tion 


non-sol' -vent 


noz'-zle 


N 


, with the First Sound 


'.ofV. 


nu'-cle-us 


nu'-mer-a-tor 


nu -tri-men- 


nu'-di-ty 


nu-mer'-i-cal 


nu-tri'-tion 


nu'-ga-to-ry 


nu-mer'-ic-al-Iy 


nu-tri'-tious 


nu'-mer-a-ry 


nu'-mer-ous 


. nu'-tri-tive 


nu-mer-a'-tion 


nu'-tri-ment 


nu-tri -ture 


N, 


with the Second Sound ofV. 


null 


num'-ber-er 


nur'-se-ry 


nuT-li-fy 


num'-ber-less 


nurs'-ling 


nul'-li-ty 


nun'-cio 


nur'-ture 


numb 


nup'-tial 


nut 


num'-ber 


nurse 


nut' -brown 



nymph 



N, with the Sound of Y. 
nym'-pha nym'-phe-an 



EXERCISES ON THE CONJUNCTIONS. 

Select the nouns and verbs, form sentences, and use the 
conjunctions given. 



15* 



174 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

ARTICLES. 

Articles limit nouns. 

In English, there are two Articles, A and The. A be- 
comes an before a vowel, or silent h : as, an apple, an hour. 

A limits nouns indefinitely : as, Give me a book. Bring 
me* an apple. 

The limits nouns definitely : as, Give me the book that is 
on the table. Bring me the apples I bought this morning. 

Nouns without articles are used in their widest sense : 
as, Man stands at the head of creation. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

L, as heard in Library. 
Annexed to the edifice forming the sepulchre of Osyman- 
duas, one of the ancient kings of Egypt, was a Library, with 
the inscription, " Food for the mind." Would that our modern 
Libraries were always thus. 

One of the most celebrated Libraries in the world, was 
founded at Alexandria, 283 B.C., by Ptolemy Philadelphus, 
who obtained for it the books belonging to Aristotle. No 
expense was spared in forming this collection, which at length 
amounted to 700,000 volumes. After subsisting 244 years, 
it was burned during the expedition of Julius Caesar into 
Egypt. Another Library of great extent was collected at 
Alexandria, and burned by order of the Caliph Omar, in 640. 
These books heated the public baths of the city, 4000 in 
number, six months. Among the most celebrated Libraries 
in Europe, is that of the Vatican, at Rome. Nicholas IV. 
laid the foundation of this in 1477. The exact number of 
books is not known, as there is no printed catalogue : but 
there are 10,000 manuscripts, which, with. the printed books, 
are contained in an immense gallery, 214 feet long, and 48 
broad, and in other apartments, superbly ornamented by emi- 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 175 

nent painters. One room is called the " Papyrus Room," 
from the quantity of writing it contains, written on the Papy- 
rus of the Egyptians. 

In the Vatican is preserved a parchment roll, 217 feet long, 
and 33 inches broad, containing the Pentateuch, in Hebrew, 
written in the ninth century, and the Acts of the Apostles, 
written in letters of gold. 

This Library contains many other manuscripts of great 
value. 

QUESTIONS ON THE LESSONS. 

Which words contain the sound of L ? 

How many Articles are there ? 

What are they called ? 

How are they used ? 

How are nouns considered, when used without the Article 2 

Words containing the Sound of L : or, 

Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Die* 
tation and Subjects for Composition. 

L, with the First Sound of A, 
lay 

lay'-er 
lay' -man 
la'-zar 
la'-zi-ly 
la'-zi-ness 
la'-zy 



laund'-ry 
la-vol'-ta 
laugh' -ter 



la'-bi-al 


la'-i-ty 


la'-bi-a-ted 


la'-rynx 


la'-bour 


la' -tent 


la'-bour-er 


lathe 


la'-dy 


la'-tri-a 


]a'-dy-like 


lave 


la'-i-cal 


la'-ver 




L, with the Seco? 


lar'-gess 


laugh' -in g- 


laugh 


launch 


laugh'-er 


laund'-ress 



176 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



L, with the Third Sound of A. 



laud 


lau'-rel 


law' -less 


laud'-a-ble 


law 


lawn 


laud'-a-bly 


law-ful'-ly 


law' -suit 


km' -re-ate 


law-giv'-er 


law'-yer 


L, 


with the Fourth Sound of A. 


lab'-or-a-to-ry 


lam-ent-a'-tion 


lap'-i-dist 


la-bo' -ri-ous 


lam'-i-na 


lapse 


la-bo' -ri-ous-ly 


lam'-i-na-ted 


lar'-um 


la'-by-rinth 


lamp 


las'-si-tude 


lach'-ry-mal 


lam-poon' 


lat'-er-al 


lach' -ry-ma-to-ry 


lam-poon'-er 


lat'-in 


la-con' -ic 


land'-ed 


lat'-in-ism 


la'-con-ism 


land' -grave 


lat'-in-ist 


la-con' -ic-al-ly 


land '-lord 


la-tin'-i-ty 


lac'-ta-ry 


land' -mark 


lat'-i-tude 


lac'-te-al 


land'-scape 


lat-i-tu-di-na'-ri-an 


lac'-te-ous 


lan'-guage 


lat'-tice 


lag 


lan'-guid 


la-va'-tion 


lam'-bent 


lan'-guid-ly 


lav'-ish 


lam'-el-la-ted 


lan'-guish 


lav'-ish-ly 


la-ment' 


lan'-guor 


lax 


lam'-ent-a-ble 


lap'-i-da-ry 


la-za-ret'-to 


L, 


with the First Souna 


lofE. 


lea 


leas'-er 


le'-gal-ize 


lead 


leash 


le-ga'-tion 


lead'-er 


lee 


le'-gend 


lead'-ing 


leech 


le'-gion 


leaf 


leech' -craft 


le'-gion-a-ry 


leaf-less 


leek 


le-gu'-men 


leafy 


lee'-ward 


lei'-su-ra-bly 


league 


le'-gal 


lei' -sure 


lease 


le-gal'-i-ty 


lei'-sure-ly 






ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



177 



le'-nient 


le-thar'-gic 


le-vi'-a-than 


lent 


le'-the 


le'-vite 


lent' -en 


le-vant' 


le-vit'-i-cal 


le'-o-nine 


le'-ver 


le-vit'-i-cus 




L, with the Second Sou?id o/E. 


learn 


led'-ger 


les'-sen 


learn' -ed 


le'-gi-ble 


les'-son 


learn' -ing 


le'-gi-bly 


leth'-ar-gy 


lear'-ner 


le -gis-la-tion 


let'-ter 


leath'-er 


le'-gis-la-tor 


lev-ee' 


leath'-ern 


le'-gis-la-ture 


lev' -el 


lec'-ture 


len'-i-ty 


lev'-el-ler 


lec'-tur-er 


leop'-ard 


lev'-i-ty 


leg'-a-cy 


lep'-er 


lev'-y 


leg' -ate 


lep'-ro-sy 


lex'-i-con 


leg-a-tee' 


less 


lex-i-cog'-ra-pher 


leg-a-tor 


les-see' 


lex-i-cog'-ra-phy 




L, with the First Sound of I. 


li'-a-ble 


li' -cense 


li'-king 


li-ba'-tion 


li-cen'-ti-ate 


lithe 


li -bel 


light 


lithe'-ness 


li'-bel-ler 


light' -en 


li-thog'-ra-phy 


li'-bel-lous 


like 


li-thog'-ra-pher 


li'-br,a-rian 


like'-li-hood 


live 


li'-bra-ry 


like'-ly 


live'-li-hood 


li'-brate 


like'-ness 


live'-li-ness 


li-bra'-tion 


like' -wise 


live'-ly 




L, zvith the Second Sound of I. 


lib'-er-al 


lig'-a-ture 


lim'-pid 


lib'-er-al-ly 


lig'-ne-ous 


lin'-e-age 


lib-er-al'-i-ty 


lil'-y 


lin'-e-al 


lib'-er-ty 


lim'-ber 


lin'-e-ar 


lig'-a-ment 


lim'-it 


lin'-ger 



178 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



lord 

lob' -by- 
lock 
lof'-ty 

log'-a-rithms 
lo'-gic 

7 lu'-bri-cate 
lu-bri'-ci-ty 



L, with the Third Sound of O. 
lord'-ly lord' -ship 

L, with the Fourth Sound of O. 



lo'-gi-cal lon-gi-tu'-di-nal 

long loss 

long-a-nim'-i-ty lox-o-drom'-ic 

lon-gev'-i-ty loz'-enge 

lon'-gi-tude loz-en-ges 
L, with the First Sound of TJ. 

lu-bri'-cious lu-cid'-i-ty 

lu'-cid lu-cif'-ic 



lin'-ger-er 


list'-less-ly 


lit'-i-gious 




lin'-tel 


lit'-a-ny 


lit'-ur-gy 




li'-quid 


lit'-er-al 


live 




li-quid'-i-ty 


lit'-er-al-ly 


liv'-e-ry 




li'-quor 


lit-er-a'-ti 


liv'-ing 




list 


lit'-er-a-ture 


lix-iv'-i-al 




list'-ed 


lit'-i-gant 


lix-iv'-i-ate 




list' -en 


lit'-i-gate 


lix-iv'-i-ous 




list'-ner 


lit -i-ga-tion 


lix-iv'-i-um 






L, with the First Sound 


o/O. 




load'-star 


lo-cal'-i-ty 


lone'-ly 




load'-stone 


lo'-cal-ly 


lone' -some 




loaf 


lo-co-mo'-tion 


lo-qua'-cious 




loam 


lo-co-mo'-tive 


lo-qua'-ci-ty 




loam'-y 


lo'-cust 


lore 




loathe 


lodge 


lo'-tion 




loath' -some 


lo-gi'-cian 


low 




loaves 


lone 


low'-li-ness 




lo'-cal 


lone'-li-ness 


low'-ly 






L, with the Second Sound ofO. 




look 


loop 


loose'-ly 




loom 


loose 


loos'-en 





ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 179 

lu'-cra-tive lu'-min-a-ry lure 

lu-cu-bra'-tion lu'-na lu'-ta-nist 

lu'-di-crous lu'-nar lute 

lu-gu'-bri-ous lu-na'-tion lu'-ther-an 

L, vjith the Second Sound of TJ. 

lul'-la-by lus-tra'-tion lux-u'-ri-ant 

lus'-cious lus'-tre lux'-u-ry 

L, with the Smmd of Y as I. 

ly-can'-thro-py lynx lyr'-ic 

lymph ly'-rate lyr'-i-cal 

lym-phat'-ic lyre lyr'-ist 

EXERCISES UPON THE ARTICLES. 

Select words from among the fore-going, form sentences, 
and use the different Articles. 



INTERJECTIONS. 

Interjections express the passions, or emotions of the speak- 
er. They are very few in all languages. The principal in 
English are : 

! oh ! ah ! alas ! pish ! tush ! heigh ! really ! strange ! 
hem ! ho ! so-ho ! foh ! fie ! away ! lo ! behold ! hark ! hush ! 
hist ! welcome ! hail ! all hail ! Any word or phrase may 
become an interjection, when it is used to express emotion : 
as, Ungrateful child ! go away ! &c. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

R, as heard in Rocking Stones. 
Rocking stones, or stones of prodigious size, so exactly 
poised, that they will rock or shake with the smallest force, 
were known to ancient as well as to modern topographers. 
Pliny tells us that at Harpassa, a town in Asia, there was a 
rock of so wonderful a nature, that if touched by the finger 
it would shake, but could not be moved from its place by the 
whole force of the body. 



180 GRAMMAR ANO COMPOSITION. 

In Britain, there are many stones of this description. In 
the parish of St. Leven, Cornwall, there is a promontory 
called Castle Treryn. On the western side of the middle 
group, near the top, lies a very large stone so evenly poised, 
that any hand may move it from one side to another ; yet it 
is so fixed on its base, that no lever, or any mechanical force 
can remove it from its present situation. It is called the 
Logan-stone, and it is at such a height from the ground, that 
no person can believe it was raised to its present position by 
art. There are many rocking stones throughout Wales, in 
Great Britain, supposed to be connected with the ancient 
worship of the Druids. 

They have been found in other parts of the world. 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

Which words contain the sound of R ? 

What are Interjections ? 

Is this part of speech numerous ? 

Which are the principal interjections in English ? 

May any word or phrase be used interjection ally ? When ? 

Examples. 

Words containing the sound of R : or, 

Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dicta- 

Hon, and Subjects for Composition. 

R, with the First Sound of A. 



ra -cy 


ra -mous 


rare -ness 


ra'-di-an-cy 


rare 


ra'-ri-ty 


ra'-di-ant 


ra'-ree-show 


rate 


ra'-di-ate 


ra'-re-fy 


ra'-tio 


rai'-ment 


rare'-ly 


rare 




R, with the Fourth Sound of A. 


rab'-bit 


ra-ce-ma'-tion 


rad'-i-cal-ly 


rab'-bi 


rad'-i-cal 


ram'-ble 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



181 



ram'-i-fy 

ram-i-fl-ca'-tion 

ram' -part 

ran'-cour 

ran'-dom 

ran'-som 

ran'-som-er 

ra-pa'-cious 

ra-pa'-ci-ty 

rap'-tu-rous 



R, 



reach 

re' -act 

re-ac'-tion 

read 

readier 

re'-al 

re-al'-i-ty 

re'-al-ly 

reap 

reap'-er 

rear 

rea'-son 

rea'-son-a-ble 

rea'-son-a-bly 

rea'-son-er 

re' -bee 

re-bel' 

re-bel r -ion 

re-ber-lious 

re'-bus 

re-ceipt' 

re-ceiv'-a-ble 

re-ceive' 

re-ceiv'-er 

16 



rar-e-fac'-tion 

rar'-i-fy 

Tat-an' 

rat'-i-fi-er 

rat'-i-fy 

ra-ti-o'-ci-nate 

ra-ti-o-ci-na' -tion 

ra'-tion-al 

ra'-tion-al-ly 

with the First Sound 
re' -cent 
re'-cent-ly 
re-cep'-tion 
re-cess' 
re-cip*-i-ent 
re-cip'-ro-cal 
re-cip'-ro-cate 
re-ci'-ta! 
re-cite' 
re-cline' 
re-cord' 
re-cord' -er 
re-crim'-i-nate 
re-cum'-bent 
re-cu'-sent 
re-deem' 
re-deem'-a-ble 
re-deem' -er 
re-demp'-tion 
re-din' -te-grate 
re-dun'-dance 
re-dun'-dant 
re-fec'-to-ry 
re-fer f 



ra-tion-al'-i-ty 

raV-age 

rav'-a-ger 

rav'-el 

rav'-el-in 

rav'-en 

rav'-en-ous 

rav'-en-ous-ly 

rav'-ine 

o/E. 

re-fine T 

re-fin e'-ment 

re-fi'-ner 

re-flect' 

re-flec'-tion 

re-fiec'-tor 

re' -flex 

re-form' 

re-form' -er 

re-fract' 

re-frac'-tion 

re-frac'-tive 

re-frac'-to-ry 

re-fran-gi-bil'-i-ty 

re-fran'-gi-ble 

re-fri'-ger-ate 

re-fri-ger-a'-tion 

re-fri'-ger-a-to-ry 

re-ful'-gent 

re' -fuse 

re-fu'-sal 

re-fu'-tal 

re' -gal 

re-gale' 



1S2 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



re-ga'-lia 

re-gal' -i-ty 

re-gen' -cy 

re-gen' -er-ate 

re-gen-er-a'-tion 

re' -gent 

re-in-state' 

re-in-vest' 

re-joice' 

re-joi'-cer 

re-join' 

re-join'-der 

re-it' -er-ate 

re-it-er-a'-tion 

re-late' 

re-la' -tor 

re-la' -tion 

re-lax' 

re-lax-a'-tion 

re-lent' 

re-lent' -less 

re-li'-ance 

re-lieve' 

re-liev'-o 

re-li'-gion 

re-li'-gious 

re-mis'-sion 

re-miss' -ly 

re-mit' 

re-mon'-strate 

re-morse' 

re-mote' 

re-mote' -iy 

re-rnu'-n er-ate 



re-mu-ner-a' -tion 

re-peal' 

re-peat' 

re-pel' 

re-pel' -lant 

re-per-cuss' 

re-per-cus'-sion 

re-per-cus'-sive 

re-plete' 

re-ple'-tion 

re-plev'-y 

re-pub-li-ca'-tion 

re-pub' -li-can 

re-pub' -lie 

re-pu'-di-ate 

re-pu-di-a'-tion 

re-pug' -nant 

re-pulse' 

re-pul'-sion 

re-pul'-sive 

re-pute' 

re-quiem' 

re-qui'-tal 

re-scind' 

re-scis'-sion 

re-script' 

re-sent' 

re-sent' -ing-ly 

re-sent' -ment 

re-serve 

re-side' 

re-sist' 

re-sist-i-bil'-i-ty 

re-sist' -i-ble 



re-sist' -less 

re-source' 

re-spect' 

re-spec' -ta-ble 

re-spect' -ful 

re-spec' -tive-ly 

re-spire' 

re-splen'-dent 

re-splen'-dent-ly 

re-sponse' 

re-spon'-si-ble 

re-spon'-sive 

re-stor'-a-tive 

re-store' 

re-strain' 

re-straint' 

re-strict' 

re-stric'-tion 

re-stric'-tive 

re-sult' 

re-sus-'-ci-tate , 

re-tal'-i-ate 

re-tal-i-a'-tion 

re-ten' -tion 

re-ten' -tive 

re-tort' 

re-tract' 

re-trench' 

re-trench' -ment 

re-trib'-ute 

re-trib'-u-tive 

re- veal' 

re- veal' -er 

re-ver'-ber-ate 






ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



183 



re-ver-ber-a'-tion 


re-ver' -sion-a-ry 


re-voke' 


re-ver' -ber-a-to-ry 


re-vert' 


re-volt' 


re-vere' 


re-view' 


re-volve' 


re-ver' -sal 


re-vile' 


re-vul'-sion 


reverse' 


re-vise' 


re-vul'-sive 


re-ver' -sion 


re-vive' 


re' -ward 


E, 


with the Second Sound tf/*E. 


read'-i-ly 


ref-u-gee' 


rep-re-sen'-ta-tii 


read'-i-ness 


ref'-use 


rep'-u-ta-ble 


read'-y 


ref-u-ta'-tion 


rep'-u-ta-bly 


realm 


re'-gi-cide 


rep-u-ta'-tion 


reb'-el 


re'-gis-ter 


res' -cue 


re'-cep-ta-cle 


re'-gis-try 


res-er-va'-tion 


re'-ci-pe 


reg'-u-lar 


res'-i-due 


re-ci-ta-tive' 


reg-u-lar'-i-ty 


res-ig-na'-tion 


reck' -less 


reg'-u-lar-ly 


res'-o-nance 


reck' -on 


reg'-u-late 


res'-o-nant 


reck'-on-er 


rel'-a-tive 


res-pi-ra'-tion 


reck'-on-ing 


rel'-a-tive-ly 


res'-pite 


rec'-og-nize 


rel'-ic 


res-ti-tu'-tion 


rec-ol-lect' 


rel'-ict 


res-ur-rec'-tion 


rec-ol-lec'-tion 


rem'-i-nis-cence 


ret'-i-nue 


rec'-ord 


rem' -n ant 


ret-ri-bu'-tion 


rec' -re-ant 


ren'-dez-vous 


ret'-ro-grade 


rec' -re-ate 


ren'-e-gade 


ret'-ro-spect 


rec-re-a'-tion 


ren'-o-vate 


ret-ro-spec'-tion 


rec'-re-a-tive 


rep-ar-tee' 


rev' -el 


rec'-ti-tude 


rep'-er-to-ry 


rev -e-la-tion 


rec' -tor 


rep-re-hend' 


rev'-el-ry 


red'-o-lent 


rep-re-hend'-er 


rev'-e-nue 


red'-o-len-cy 


rep-re-hen' -si' -ble 


rev' -er-ence 


ref -er-ence 


rep-re-hen'-sion 


rev'-er-end 


ref-or-ma'-tion 


rep-re-sent' 


rev'-er-ent 


ref'-uge 


rep-re-sen-ta' -tion 


rev-er-en'-tial 



184 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



rev-er-en'-tial-ly 


rev'-er-y 


rev-o-ca'-tion 


rev'-er-ent-ly 


rev'-o-cate 

R, with H. 


rev-o-lu'-tion 


rhap'-so-dist 


rheu-mat'-ic 


rhom'-boid 


rhap'-so-dy 


rheu'-ma-tism 


rhu'-barb 


rhet'-or-ic 


rheu'-my 


rhyme 


rhe-tor'-i-cal 


rhi-no'-ce-ros 


rhy'-mer 


rhet-o-ri'-cian 


rhomb 


rhyth'-mi-cal 


rheum 


rhom'-bic 


rhyth'-mus 


R 


, with the First Sound of I. 


ride 


right' -eous-ness 


ri'-ot-ous-ly 


ri'-der 


right' -ful 


ripe 


rife 


rime 


ri'-pen 


rife'-ly 


ri'-ot 


rite 


right 


ri'-ot-er 


ri'-val 


right' -eous 


ri'-ot-ing 


ri'-val-ry 


right' -eous-ly 


ri'-ot-ous 


ri'-val-ship 


i 


loith the Seco?id Sound of I. 


rid'-dle 


ring 


risk 


rid'-i-cule 


ring'-let 


risk'-er 


ri'-gid 


ring'-lead-er 


risk'-ing 


ri'-gid-ly 


rinse 


rit'-u-al 


rig' -our 


rins'-er 


riv'-er 


rig'-or-ous-ly 


ris'-en 


riv'-et 


rill 


ris-i-bil'-i-ty 


riv'-u-let 


rim 


ris'-i-ble 


rix-dol'-lar 


R 


with the First Sound 


o/O. 


roam 


ro'-guer-y 


rose 


roam'-er 


ro-mance' 


ro'-sier 


rock 


ro-man'-tic 


ro-ta'-tion 


rock'-y 


rope 


ro-tun'-da 


ro-ga'-tion 


ro'-py 


ro-tun'-di-ty 


ro'-guish 


ro'-sa-ry 


row 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 185 

R, with the Second Sound of O 
rood rook'-e-ry roost 

roof rook'-y root'-ed 

rook room'-y root'-y 

R, with the Fourth Sound of O. 
rod ron'-deau ros'-trum 

R, with the second sound of IT. \ 
rud'-der rup'-ture rus'-ti-cate 

rug'-ged rush rus-ti'-ci-ty 

rug'-ged-ly rus'-set rus'-tic 

run rust rus'-tle 

run'-a-way rus'-ti-cal rus'-tling 

R, with the Third Sound of U. 
ru' -brick ru'-in-ate ru-mi-na'-tion 

ru'-by ruin-a'-tion ru'-moui 

rude ru'-in-ous ru'-ral 

ru'-di-ment rule ruse 

ru-di-men'-tal ru'-ler ruth' -less 

ru'-in ru'-mi-nate ruth'-less-ly 

EXERCISES UPON THE INTERJECTIONS. 

Select words from among the fore-going, form sentences, 
and use the different interjections. 



SENTENCES. 
A Sentence is an an assemblage of words forming a com- 
plete sense : or, a form of speech, which hath a beginning 
and ending within itself. 

Sentences are of two kinds, Simple and Compound. 
A Simple Sentence contains one subject, and one finite 
verb : as, Water runs. 
*16 



186 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

A Compound Sentence contains more than one subject, 
and more than one finite verb, connected together : as, Water 
runs, and it fertilizes the earth. 

A Phrase is two or more words rightly put together, form- 
ing part of a sentence : as, In truth. Like the sun. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

s. 

Value of the Soul. 
After Saladin the Great had subdued Egypt, passed the 
Euphrates, and conquered cities without number : after he 
had retaken Jerusalem, and performed exploits almost super- 
human, in those wars which had been engaged in for the 
recovery of the Holy Land, he closed his life in the perform- 
ance of an action that well deserves to be recorded. A moment 
before he uttered his last sigh, he called the herald who had 
carried his banner before him in all his battles : he commanded 
him to fasten to the top of a lance, the shroud, in which he soon 
was to be buried. " Go," said the dying Prince, " carry this 
lance, unfurl this banner, and while you lift up this shroud 
as my standard, proclaim — ' This is all, that remains on earth 
to Saladin the Great, the Conqueror and the King, of all his 
glory?' s; 

QUESTIONS ON THE LESSONS. 

Which words contain the sound of S ? 
Analyse the lesson, and point out the different parts of 
speech. 

Which words are nouns, adjectives, pronouns, &c. ? 
Which are simple sentences ? 
Which are compound sentences ? 
How are they connected ? 
Which are imperfect phrases ? 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



187 



Words containing the combinations of S : or, 
Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dic- 
tation and Subjects for Composition. 
S, with the First Sound of A. 



sa'-ble 


sale 


sa'-tan 


sa'-bre 


sale'-a-ble 


sa'-ti-ate 


sa'-cred 


sales'-man 


sa-ti'-e-ty 


sa'-cred-ly 


sa'-li-ent 


sa-tir'-ic 


safe' -guard 


sa'-line 


sa'-turn 


safe'-ly 


sa-lute' 


sa'-tyr 


safe'-ty 


sa-lu'-ter 


save 


sage 


same 


sa'-ving 


sage'-ly 


same'-ness 


sa'-ving-ly 


sail 


sane 


sa'-ving-ness 


sail'-or 


sa'-pi-ence 


sa'-vour 


saint 


sa'-pi-ent 


sa'-vour-y 


saint' -ly 


sa'-por 


say 


say'-ing 








S, with the Second Sound of A. 


sar'-casm 


sar-ce'-net 


sar'-dine 


sar-cas'-tic 


sar-col'-o-gy 


sar-don'-ic 


sar-cas'-ti-cal 


sar-coph'-a-gus 


sar'-do-nyx 




S, with the Third Sound of A.. 


salt 


salt-pe'-tre 


saun'-ter 


salt-eel' -lar 


sauce 


saw 


salt'-ish 


sau'-cer 


saw'-pit 


salt'-ness 


saun'-ter-ing 


saw'-yer 




S, with the Fourth Sound of A. 


sab -a-oth 


sac'-ra-ment 


sac'-ri-lege 


sab'-bath 


sac-ra-men'-tal 


sac-ri-le'-gious 


sab-bat'-i-cal 


sac'-rif-ic 


sac'-ris-tan 


sa-cer-do'-tal 


sac'-ri-fice 


sac/-ris-ty 


sack 


sac'-ri-fi-cer 


sad 


sack' -cloth 


sac-ri-fi'-cial 


sad'-ly 



188 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



sad'-ness 

sa-ga'-cious 

sa-ga'-ci-ty 

sag'-a-more 

sa'-git-ta-ry 

sal'-a-man-der 

sal'-a-ry 

sa -li-va 

sal'-i-va-ry 

sal-i-va'-tion 

sal'-ly 

sal'-ly-port 

sal'-va-ble 

sal'-vage 

sal-va'-tion 

sa-lu'-bri-ous 

sa-lu'-bri-ty 

sal'-ver 

sal'-vo 

sea 

sea' -breeze 

sea' -coast 

sea -fa' -ring 

sea'-girt 

sea' -port 

sea'-room 

seal 

seam 

seam'-less 

sear 

sea'-son 

sea'-son-a-ble 

sea'-son-ing 



sal'-u-ta-ry 

sal-u-ta'-tion 

sam'-ple 

sam'-pler 

san'-a-tive 

sanc-ti-fi-ca'-tion 

sanc'-ti-fy 

sanc-ti-mo'-ni-ous 

sanc'-ti-mo-ny 

sanc'-tion 

sanc'-tu-a-ry 

san'-dal 

san'-guine 

san-guin'-a-ry 

sap 

sap' -id 

sap'-phire 

sap'-phir-ine 

sash 

S, with the First Sound 
seat 

se-cede' 
se-ces'-sion 
se-clude' 
se'-cret 
se-crete' 
se-cret'-ly 
se-cre'-to-ry 
se-cure' 
se-cure'-ly 
se-cu'-ri-ty 
se-date' 
se-date'-ly 
se-di'-tion 



sas'-sa-fras 

sat'-el-lite 

sat' -ire 

sa-tir'-i-cal 

sa-tir'-i-cal-Iy 

sat'-i-rist 

sat-is-fac'-tion 

sat-is-fac'-to-ry 

sat'-is-fy 

sat'-u-m-ble 

sat'-u-rate 

sat'-ur-day 

sat'-ur-nine 

sa-tur'-ni-an 

sav'-age 

sav'age-ly 

sa-van'-na 

sax'-i-frage 

sax' -on 7 

o/E. 

se-di'-tious 

se-di'-tious-ly 

see 

seed'-time 

seek 

seek'-er 

seem 

seem'-ing 

seem'-ing-ly 

seem'-ly 

seer 

seeth 

seign'-ior 

seign'-io-ry 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



18^ 



seme 

seize 

sei'-zure 

se-lect' 

se'-nile 

se'-ni-or 

se-ni-or'-i-ty 



s, 



search 

sec'-ond 

sec'-oncUa-ry 

sec'-re-ta-ry 

sect 

sec'-ta-ry 

sec'-u-lar 

sec-u-lar'-i-ty 

sed'-en-ta-ry 

sedge 

sed'-gy 

sed'-u-lous 

seg'-ment 

seg' -re-gate 

self 

self'-ish 

self'-ish-Jy 

self-same 

sem'-bla-ble 

sem'-blance 

sem'-i 

sem'-i-nal 

sem-i-nal'-i-ty 

sem'-i-na-ry 

sem-pi-ter'-nal 

sem-pi-ter'-ni-ty 



se'-pul-chral 

se-ques'-ter 

se-ques'-trate 

se-raph'-ic 

sere 

se'-rene 

se'-ries 

with the Second 
sen'-ate 
sen' -a- tor 
sen-a-to'-ri-al 
sen-sa'-tion 
sense 
sense'-less 
sen-si-bil'-i-ty 
sen'-si-ble 
sen'-si-tive 
sen-so'-ri-um 
sen'-tence 
sen-ten' -tious 
sen'-tient 
sen'-ti-ment 
sen'-ti-nel 
sep'-a-ra-ble 
sep'-a-rate 
sep-a-ra'-tion 
sep'-ten-a-ry 
sep-ten'-ni-al 
sep'-ti-cal 
sep-tu-a-ges'-i-: 
sep'-tu-a-gint 
sep'-tu-ple 
sep'-ul-chre 
ser'-aph 



se -ri-ous 
se'-ri-ous-ly 
se-ta'-cious 
se-vere' 
se-vere' -ly 
se-ver'-i-ty 
se'-quel 
Sound ofE. 

ser'-a-phim 

ser'-e-nade 

ser'-mon 

ser'-pent 

ser'-pen-tine 

ser'-rate 

ser-ra'-tion 

serve 

ser'-vice 

ser'-vice-a-ble 

ser'-vile 

ser'-vile-ly 

ser-vil'-i-ty 

ser'-vi-tor 

ser'-vi-tude 

ses'-sion 

ses'-terce 

set 

set'-ter 

sev'-en 

sev'-enty 
mal sev'-en-ty 

sev'-er 

sev'-er-al 
sev'-er-al-ly 

sev'-er-ance 



190 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



sex-a'-gin-a-ry sex-an'-gu-lar sex' -tile 

sex-a-ges'-i-ma sex-en' -ni-al sex f -ton 

sex-a-ges'-i-mal sex-en' -ni-al-ly sex'-tu-ple 

S, with the First Sound of I. 



side 

side' -long 
side' -ways 
sight 

sight' -less 
sign 
sign'-er 



si'-lence 

si' -lent 

si'-lent-ly 

si-li'-cious 

si-mil' -i-tude 

si-mul-ta'-ne-ous 

si'-nus 



sine 

si-roc' -co 

site 

sithe 

size 

size'-a-ble 

si'-zy 

S, with the Second Sound of I. 



sib'-i-lant 

sib-il-a'-tion 

sic'-cate 

sic'-ci-ty 

sick 

sick' -en 

sick'-ly 

sid'-er-al 

si'-gil 

sieve 

sig'-nal 

sig'-nal-ize 

sig'-nal-ly 

sig'-na-ture 

sig'-net 

sig-nif'-i-cant 

sig-nif'-i-cant-ly 

sig-ni-fi-ca'-tion 

silk 

silk' -en 

sil'-ky 



sil'-ver 

sil'-ve r-y 

sim'-i-lar 

sim-i-lar'-i-ty 

sim'-i-le 

sim'-ple 

sim'-ple-ton 

sim-pli'-ci-ty 

sim'-ply 

sin 

since 

sin' -cere 

sin-cer'-i-ty 

sin'-ew 

sin'-ew-y 

sin'-ful 

sin'-ful-ly 

sing 

sing'-er 

sin'-gle 

sing 7 -ling 



sin'-gle-ness 

sin'-gu-lar 

sing'-ly 

sin-gu-lar'-i-ty 

sin'-is-ter 

sin'-is-trous 

sin'-less 

sin'-ner 

sin-u-os'-i-ty 

sir'-i-us 

sis'-ter 

sis'-ter-ly 

sit-u-a'-tion 

six 

six' -fold 

six-teen' 

six'-teenth 

sixth 

sixth' -ly 

six'-ti-eth 

six'-ty 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



191 



so 

soap 

soar 

so'-ber 

so'-ber-ly 

so'-ber-ness 

so-bri'-e-ty 

so'-cia-ble 

so'-cia-hly 

so'-cial 

so-ci'-e-ty 

so' -fa 

so'-journ 

soon 
soot 
sooth 

sor'-cer-er 
sor'-ce-ress 

soft 

soft' -en 

soft'-ly 

soft' -n ess 

sol'-ace 

sol'-e~cism 

sol'-emn 

sol-em-ni-za'- 

soi'-em-nize 

sol'-emn-ly 

sol'-id 



S, with the First Sound of O. 

so'-journ-er so-nif'-e-rous 

sol'-dier so-no'-rous 

sol'-dier-ship so' -phi 

sol'-dier-ly so-phis'-ti-cal 

so'-lar so-phis'-ti-cate 

sole sore 

so-lem'-ni-ty sore'-ness 

so-li'-cit soul 

so-li-ci-ta'-tion soul'-less 

so-li'-ci-tude sow 

so-lid'-i-ty sow'-er 

so-lil'-o-quy sow'-ed 

so-lu'-tion sown 

S, with the Second Sound ofO. 

sooth' -er sooth' -say-ing 

sooth'-say soot'-i-ness 

sooth'-say-er soot'-y 

S, with the Third Sound ofO. 

sor'-ce-ry sor'-did-ly 

sor'-did sort 

S, with the Fourth Sound ofO. 



tion 



sol'-id-ly 

sol-i-taire' 

sol-i-ta'-ri-ly 

sol'-i-ta-ry 

sol'-i-tude 

sol'-stice 

sol-sti'-tial 

sol'-u-ble 

sol-u-bil'-i-ty 

sol'-vent 

som-nif'-er-ous 



som-nif'-ic 

song 

son'-net 

soph'-ism 

soph'-ist 

sop-er-if'-ic 

sor'-row 

sor'-row-ful 

sor'-ry 

sot'-tish 

sot'-tish-ly 



192 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



su-per-sti'-tion 
su-per-sti'-tious 
su-per-struct' 
su-per-struc' -tion 



sub 

sub'-al-tern 

sub' -due 

sub-ja'-cent 

sub-ject' 

sub'-ject 

sub-jec'-tion 

sub-jec'-tive 

sub'-li-mate 

sub-li-ma'-tion 

sub-lime' 

sub-lime' -ly 

sub-lim'-i-ty 

sub'-lu-nar 

sub'-lu-na-ry 

sub-ma-rine' 

sub-merge' 



S, with the First Sound ofV. 
su-per-er-o-ga'-tion su-pine' 
su-per-ex'-cel-lent su-p:ne'-ly 
su-per-fi'-cial 
su-per-fi'-cial-ly 
su-per'-flu-ous 
su'-per-flux 

su-per-in-tend' -ent su-prem' -a-cy 
su-preme' 
su-preme'-ly 
su-per'-nal sure 

su-per-nat'-u-ral sure'-ly 
su-per-nu'-mer-a-ry sure'-ty 
su-per-vene' su-tu'-ral 

su-per-vise' su'-ture 

S, with the Second Sound of TJ. 

sub-mer'-sion sub'-si-dy 

sub-mis' -sion 

sub-mis' -si ve 

sub-mis'-sive-ly 

sub-or'-di-nate 

sub-or-di-na'-tion 

sub'-orn 



su-do-rif'-ic 

sue 

su'-gar 

suit 

suit'-a-ble 

suit'-a-ble-ness 

sui'-tor 

su-per-a-bun'-dant su-pe-ri-or'-i-ty 

su-per-add' su-per'-la-tive 

su-per-an'-nu-ate 

su-perb' 

su-perb'-ly 

su-per-cil'-lious 

su-per-er-o' -gate 






sub-or'-ner 

sub-scribe' 

sub-scri'-ber 

sub-s6rip'-tion 

sub'-se-quent 

sub-se-quent'-ly 

sub-serve' 

sub-ser'-vient 

sub-side' 

sub-si' -dence 



sub-sist' 

sub-si*' -tence 

sub' -stance 

sub-stan' -tial 

s ub-stan-ti-al' -i-ty 

sub'-stan-tive 

sub'-sti-tute 

sub-sti-tu'-tion 

sub-stract 

sub-strac'-tion 

sub'-ter 

sub-ter-ra' -ne-an 

sub-tile 

sub-til' -ty 

sub'-til-ize 

sub' -tie 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



193 



sub' -tie -ty 


sul'-phur 


surge 


sub' -tract 


sul-phu'-re-ous 


sur'-geon 


sub-tra-hend' 


sul'-tan 


sur'-ge-ry 


sub-ver'-sion 


sul'-try 


sur'-ly 


sub-ver'-sive 


sum 


sur-mise' 


sub-vert' 


sum'-ma-ry 


sur-mount' 


sub'-urb 


sum'-mer 


sur'-name 


sub-urb'-an 


sum' -mem 


sur-pass' 


suc'-ceed 


sump'-tu-a-ry 


sur-pas'-sing 


suc-cess' 


sump'-tu-ous 


sur'-plice 


suc-cess'-ful 


sump'-tu-ous-ly 


sur-prise' 


suc-cess' -ful-ly 


sun 


sur -ren-der 


suc-ces'-sion 


sun' -beam 


sur-rep-ti'-tious 


suc-ces'-sive 


sun' -burnt 


sur-rep-ti' -tious-ly 


suc-ces'-sive-l}' 


sun' -day 


sur-ro'-gate 


suc-cinct' 


sun-di'-al 


sur-tout 


suc'-cour 


sun' -dry 


sur-vey' 


suc'-cu-lent 


sun'-ny 


sur- view' 


suc-cumb' 


sun' -rise 


sur-vey' -or 


suf-fer' 


sun'-shine 


sur-vive' 


suf'-fer-ance 


sun'-shi-ny 


sur-vi'-ver 


suf'-fer-er 


sup' -per 


sus-cep'-ti-ble 


suf'-fer-ing 


sup-plant' 


s u s-cep-ti-bil' -i-ty 


suf-fice' 


sup-plant' -er 


sus-pect' 


suf-fi'-cient 


sup-pli'-cate 


sus-pend' 


suf-fi'-cierit-ly 


sup-pli-ca'-tion 


sus-pense' 


suf'-fra-gan 


sup-ply' 


sus-pen'-sion 


suf'-frage 


sup-port' 


sus-pi'-cion 


suf-fuse' 


sup-port' -a-ble 


sus-pi'-cious 


suf-fu'-sion 


sup-port' -er 


sus-pi'-cious-ly 


sug-gest' 


sup-pose 


sus-tain' 


sug-ges'-tive 


sup-po-si'-tion 


sus-tain'-er 


sul'-len 


sur' -coat 


sus-tain' -a-ble 


sul'-len-ly 


sur'-feit 


sus'-te -nance 


sul'-ly 


sur'-feit-er 


sut'-tler 



194 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

GENERAL EXERCISE. 

Select words, form sentences, and use all the different parts 
of speech in composition. 



SYNTAX 

In order to write with correctness, it is not alone sufficient 
to know all the parts of speech ; we must also know how to 
arrange them. The rules to be followed for this, are called 
Rules of Syntax. 

RULE I. 

A verb must agree with its nominative case, in number 
and person: as, I learn. Thou art improved. The birds sing. 

The infinitive mood, or part of a sentence, is sometimes 
the subject of the verb: as, To see the sun, is pleasant. To 
be good is to be happy. 

RULE II. 

When nouns, in the singular number, are connected by 
copulative conjunctions, they must have verbs, nouns, and 
pronouns, agreeing with them in the plural number : as, 
Socrates and Plato were wise : they were the most eminent 
philosophers of Greece. 

RULE III. 

When singular nouns and pronouns are connected by a 
disjunctive conjunction, the verbs, nouns, and pronouns, refer- 
ring to them, must be in the singular number: as, Ignorance 
or negligence has caused this mistake. 

When a singular noun or pronoun is connected, by a dis- 
junctive conjunction, with a plural one, the verb is made to 
agree with the plural one : as, I or they have offended by it. 






ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 195 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

Z, as heard in Zoophytes. 
Zoophytes is a term applied by naturalists to a class of 
aquatic animals, of a plant-like form, and of very simple in- 
ternal structure. Next to the Infusoria, the Zoophytes com- 
pose the second lowest class of the animal kingdom. They 
form a very numerous and diversified class : and from the 
variety, beauty, and symmetry of their forms ; the novelty 
and singularity of their living phenomena ; their uses in 
domestic economy and the arts ; and their importance in the 
economy of nature, they constitute one of the most interest- 
ing and remarkable divisions of the animal kingdom. They 
form the oldest fossil remains met with in the structure of 
the earth. Corals are formed into various ornamental articles. 
The Sponge is a valuable article of commerce, and is exten- 
sively used in the arts. Madrepores are used as building 
material where lime is scarce. Rocks, bays, and fertile islands 
owe their existence to these animals, in tropical seas. 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

In order to write correctly, what must we know besides the 
parts of speech ? 

What are the rules for this called ? 
Repeat the First Rule, and explain Examples. 
Is the subject of a verb always a noun or pronoun ? 
, Repeat the Second Rule, and explain Examples. 
Repeat the Third Rule, and explain Examples. 

EXERCISES ON SENTENCES. 

Analyse the lesson given, by marking the sentences, point- 
ing out the conjunctions, and showing where the above rules 
apply. 



196 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

Words containing the sound and combinations of Z : or, 
Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dicta- 
tion, and Subjects for Compositioii. 

z. 

za'-ny zeal'-ous-ly zone 

zeal zed zo-og'-ra-pher 

ze-chiri' zeph'-yr zo-og'-ra-phy 

ze'-nith zeph'-yr-us zo-ol'-o-gy 

zeal'-ot zest zo'-o-phyte 

zeal'-ous zo'-di-ac zo-o-phy-tol'-o-gy 

Use the above words, and apply the rules given. 






RULE IV. 



A noun of multitude may have a verb or noun agreeing 
with either the singular or plural number, according as the 
noun expresses unity or plurality of idea ; as, The meeting 
was large. My people do not consider ; they have not known 
me. 



RULE V. PRONOUNS. 

Pronouns must always agree with their antecedents, and 
the nouns for which they stand, in gender and number : as, 
This is the friend whom I love. That is the vice which 1 
hate. The king and the queen had put on their robes. 

The Relative is of the same person as the Antecedent, and 
the verb agrees with it accordingly : as, Thou, ivho lovest wis- 
dom. I, who speak from experience. 

The Pronoun that, is applied to persons as well as things .* 
as, The woman and estate that became his portion. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 197 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

Jerusalem. 
Jerusalem, a celebrated city of Palestine, (in the Pachalic 
of Damascus,) and the capital of the ancient Jewish nation, 
was founded by Melchisedeck in the year of the world 2032, 
and was originally called Salem, which signifies peace. It 
was a long time in possession of the Jebusites, who named 
it Jebus, and from whom David took it. Solomon, his son, 
built the celebrated Temple at Jebus, or Jerusalem, as it was 
then called. The history of the temple may be considered 
the history of Jerusalem. It was destroyed 600 years ante- 
rior to the Christian era, but was afterwards rebuilt. Alex- 
ander the Great is said to have offered sacrifice in it, to the 
Deity of the Jews. Jerusalem was frequently an object of 
contention among the surrounding nations, and was repeat- 
edly pillaged, and its inhabitants either slain, or carried into 
captivity. Sixty-three years before Christ, Judea became a Ro- 
man province, where our Saviour was, afterwards, put to death 
for declaring himself King of the Jews. Judea being treated 
as a conquered country, the inhabitants revolted, which led to 
the celebrated siege of Jerusalem, by Titus, in the year 71. 
The city was stormed after a brave and vigorous defence, 
and after suffering all that human nature could endure, more 
than 1,200,000 of the inhabitants perished. It was in the 
power of the Mohammedans for several centuries. The 
Crusaders took Jerusalem in 1090. It was retaken by the 
Turks, 1187. 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

Repeat Rule 4th, and explain examples. 

Repeat Rule 5th, and explain examples. 

How does the Relative agree with the Antecedent ? 

How is the Pronoun that applied ? — Explain examples. 

Analyze the lesson and apply the rules. 

17* 



198 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION 

Words containing the Sound and Combinations of J: or, 

Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation^ with Words for Die* 

tation, and Subjects for Composition, 

J, with the First Sound of A. 
j a' -cent jail jane 

ja'-cinth jail'-er jay 

J, with the Second Sound of A. 
jar jar'-gon jaun'-dice 

J, with the Third Sound of A. 
jaw jaw'-bone 

J, with the Fourth Sound of A. 
jan'-i-za-ry ja-pan'-ner jav'-e-lin 

jan'-u-a-ry j as' -mine jaunt 

ja-pan' j as' -per jaunt'-ing 

J, with the First Sound ofE. 
jeer je-joon' je-ru'-sa-lem 

J, with the Second Sound ofE. 
jeal'-ous jen'-net jes'-sa-mine 

jeal'-ou-sy jeop'-ar-dy jest 

jeal'-ous-ly jerk jest'-er 

jel'-lied jer'-kin jet 

jel'-ly jer'-sey jet'-ty 

J, with the First Sound of O. 
jo-cose' jo'-ker jo' -vial 

joke jolt jo'-vial-ly 

J, with the Third Sound of O. 
j or' -dan 

J, with the Fourth Sound of 0. 
joc'-u-lar jog jol'-ly 

joc'-und jol'-li-ty jot 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



199 



J, with the First Sound of U. 



ju'-bi-lant 


ju-di'-cia-ry 


ju-ris-dic'-tion 


ju-bi-la'-tion 


ju-di'-cious 


ju-ris-pru'-dence 


ju'-bi-lee 


ju-di'-cious-ly 


ju'-rist 


ju'-di-ca-to-ry 


jtt-ly' 


ju'-ror 


ju'-di-ca-ture 


June 


J u '- r y 


ju-di'-cial 


ju'-ni-or 


ju'-ve-nile 


ju-di'-cial-ly 


ju'-ni-per 


ju-ve-nil'-i-ty 


J, 


with the Second Sound 


ofV. 


judge 


junk 


jus-ti-fi-ca'-tion 


jug'-gle 


jun'-to 


jus'-ti-fi-er 


jug'-gler 


just 


jus'-ti-fy 


jum'-ble 


jus'-tice 


jus' -tie 


jump 


jus'-ti-fi-a-ble 


just'-ly 


junc'-tion 


jus'-ti-fi-a-bly 


jux-ta-po'-si-tion 


junc'-ture 







EXERCISES. 

Use the fore-going words in composition, and apply the 
rules given. 



RULE VI. ADJECTIVES. 

Every Adjective and every Adjective Pronoun belongs to 
some noun expressed or understood : as, He is a good, as 
well as a wise man. Few are happy ; that is, persons. 

The Demonstrative Adjective Pronouns agree in number 
with their substantives : as, This book, these books. That 
sort, those sorts. 

The Distributive Adjective Pronouns — each, every, either, 
agree with their nouns, in the singular number only : The 
king of Israel and Jehoshaphat, the king of Judah, sat each 
on his throne. Every tree is known by its fruit. Unless 
the plural noun convey a collective idea : as, " Every six 
months.'' " Every hundred years." 



200 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

A Plural Adjective Pronoun, when associated with ideas 
of an intellectual nature, maybe used with a Singular Noun : 
as, Our desire, your intention, their resignation. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

K. 

Kremlin, 
The Kremlin is the name of the ancient palace of the 
Czars of Muscovy, at Moscow, famous for its splendour 
within and without. In the dreadful conflagration that fol- 
lowed the entry of the French into Moscow, in 1812, the 
Kremlin suffered very little. It stands in the central and 
higher parts of the city : it is of a triangular form, and about 
two miles in circumference, and is surrounded by high walls 
of stone and brick, which were constructed in the reign of 
Ivan Vassilievitch I. It contains, besides the ancient palace 
of the Czars, several churches, two convents, the patriarchal 
palace, the arsenal, and one private house, which belonged 
to Boris Godunof, before he was raised to the throne. 

QUESTIONS ON THE LESSONS. 

Repeat the 6th Rule, and explain examples. 

How do Demonstrative Adjective Pronouns agree with 
their substantives ? 

How do Distributive Adjective Pronouns agree with their 
substantives ? 

When may a Plural Adjective Pronoun associate with a 
Singular Noun ? — Explain examples. 

Analyze the lesson, and apply the rules given. 

Words containing the sounds and combinations of K : or, 

Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dicta* 

Hon, and Subjects for Composition. 

K, toith the Sound of A. 

kale ka'-li kal'-en-der 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 201 

K, with the First Sound ofE. 

keel keep keep'-sake 

keen keep'-er key 

keen'-ly keep'-ing key'-stone 

K, ivith the Second Sound ofE. 

kedge ken ker'-mes 

kelp ker' -chief ker'-nel 

K, with the First Sound of I. 

kind kind'-ly kite 

K, ivith the Seco?id Sound of I. 

kid' -nap kin' -die kins' -folk 

kid-nap' -per kin'-dred uins'-man 

kil'-der-kin king kins'-wo-man 

kiln king' -craft kiss 

kiJ/ -o-gram king'-dom kitch'-en 

kin king'-ly klick 

EXERCISES. 

Select words, use them in composition, and apply the rules. 



RULE VII. ARTICLES. 

The Article A or An, agrees with nouns in the singular 
number only, either individually or collectively : as, A Chris- 
tian ; an Infidel ; a score ; a thousand. 

The Definite Article may agree with nouns, either in the 
singular or plural number : as, The garden . the houses ; the 
stars. 



RULE VIII. — POSSESSIVE CASE. 

When two Substantives follow each other, the former, im- 
plying possession, is said to be in the Possessive Case, and 
is governed by the latter. This case is distinguished by an 
apostrophe and the letter s, being annexed to it : as, Man s 
happiness. Virtue's reward, 



202 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

Substantives govern pronouns, as well as nouns, in the 
possessive case : as, Every tree is known by its fruit. Good- 
ness brings its own reward. 

When several nouns in the possessive case come together, 
the apostrophe, with the letter s, is annexed to the last, and 
understood with the other nouns : as, John and Eliza's books. 

When the plural ends in s, the additional s is omitted. 

, LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

G hard, as heard in Glass. 

There is some reason to believe that Glass was made by 
the Phoenicians, Tyrians, and Egyptians. Paw and other 
antiquarians maintain, that the first Glass-house was con- 
structed at Diospolis, the ancient capital of Thebaid. Pliny 
informs us, that a merchant vessel, being laden with nitre, or 
fossil alkali, having been driven ashore on the coast of Pales- 
tine, near the river Belus, the crew went in search of pro- 
visions, and accidentally supported the kettles, in which they 
dressed their food, upon some pieces of the alkali. The river 
sand, above which this operation vvas performed, was vitrified 
by its union with the alkali, and thus Glass was produced. 

A historian informs us, that in the reign of Tiberius, an artist 
had his house demolished for making glass malleable ; while 
another asserts he was beheaded. Italy was the first modern 
nation that used glass in windows. The custom was after- 
wards introduced into France; but glass was not used in 
houses in England until the end of the tenth century. 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

Repeat the Seventh Rule, and explain Examples. 

Repeat the Eighth Rule, and explain Examples. 

Do substantives govern pronouns in the possessive case ? 

Examples. 






ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



203 



When several nouns in the possessive case follow each 
other, where is the apostrophe placed ? 

What is the rule when the plural ends in s ? 
Analyse the lesson, and use the rules given. 

Words containing the hard sound of G : or, 
Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dic- 
tation, and Subjects for Composition. 

G, with the First Sound of A. 



ga'-ble 


gait 


gau'-ger 


gage 


gale 


gay 


gain 


game 


gay'-ly 


gain'-er 


game'-ster 


gaze 


gain'-ful 


gate' -way 


ga-zelle' 


gain-say' 


gauge 


ga'-zer 




G, with the Second Sound of A. 


gape 


gar'-den-ing 


gar' -net 


gar'-ble 


gar' -land 


gar'-nish 


gar' -bier 


gar' -lie 


gar'-ni-ture 


gar' -den 


gar'-ment 


gar'-ter 


gar'-den-er 


gar'-ner 


gaunt 




G, ivith the Third Sound of A. 


gall 


gaud'-y 


gau'-dy 


gaud 


gau'-di«4y 


gauze 




G, with the Fourth Sound of A. 


gal'-ax-y 


gal'-liot 


gar'-ru-lous 


gal'-ba-num 


gal' -Ion 


gas-co-nade' 


gal'-lant 


gal-loon 


gash 


gal-Ian t' 


gal' -van-ism 


gasp 


gal'-lant-ly 


gam'-bol 


gas' -trie 


gal'-lant-ry 


gam'-ut 


gath'-er 


gal-le-on' 


gap 


gath'-er-ing 


gal'-le-ry 


gar' -ret 


gav'-ot 


gal' -ley 


gar'-ri-son 


ga-zette' 


gal'-li-cism 


gar-ru'-li-ty 


gaz~et-teer' 



204 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

G, with the Sound of E. 
gear geese get 

G, with I. 

gig gim'-let girl'-ish 

gild gird girl'-ish-ly 

gild'-er gir'-dle girth 

gilt girl give 

G, with the First Sound of O. 
go goat gold 

goad go'-er gold' -en 

goal go'-ing gold' -fish 

G, with the Second Sound of O. 

good good'-ly goose 

G, with the Third Sound of O. 

gor' -geous gor' -mand 

gor'-geous-ly gor'-man-dize 

gor'-gon gor'-man-di-zer 

G, with the Fourth Sound ofO. 
god'-ly gos'-pel 

gon' -do-la gos'-sip 

gon-do-lier' go.s'-sip-ing 

G, with the Sound of TJ. 

gun'-ne-ry gus'-set 

gun' -smith gust 

gun' -shot gus'-to 

gur'-gle gut'-ter 

gush gut'-tu-ral 

gush'-ing guz'-zle 

EXERCISES. 

Write the nouns, among the fore-going words, and mark 
them, in the possessive case. 



gorge 


gor'-ged 


gor'-get 


god 


god'-dess 


god' -like 


gud'-geon 


gulf 


gull 


gum 


gun 


gun'-ner 






ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH* LANGUAGE. 205 
RULE IX. VERBS. 

Active verbs govern the objective case : as, Truth ennobles 
her. She comforts me. Virtue rewards her followers. 

Passive verbs, and those which signify naming, and others 
of a similar nature, have the same case after them as before 
them : as, He was called Caesar. She was named Penelope. 
The General was saluted Emperor. 

The verb To Be, in all its variations /has the same case 
after it, as that which next preceded it : I am he, whom they 
invited. I understood it to be him. We at first took it to be 
her, but were afterwards convinced that it was not she. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

Y consonant, as heard in Year. 
The relative period, in w T hich the Earth performs its revo- 
lution round the Sun, from star to star, is 365 days, 5 hours, 
48 minutes, and 48 seconds, is called a Year. But from 
the Sun's not being in the centre of this great orbit, the 
seasons are unequally divided. The time from the Spring 
Equinox to the Autumnal is 186 days, 11 h. 20 m., and from 
the Autumnal to the Spring but 178 d. 18 h. 29 m. While 
the Earth is revolving around the Sun, it is accompanied by 
the Moon, which turns on its own axis in 27 d. 7 h. 43 m., 
but is 29 d. 12 h. 44 m. 12 s. in going with the Earth round 
the Sun. While the Moon performs her monthly revolutions, 
she presents various appearances to a spectator on the earth. 
When she is seen near the Sun, in the western part of the 
horizon, she appears like a bow or a crescent of light. As 
her distance from the Sun increases, the enlightened part of 
her disk gradually augments, till she presents her fully illu- 
mined orb to the earth. The enlightened portion then dimin- 
ishes, till she is seen in the morning, a little before sunrise, 
in the form of a crescent : and these phases are regularly 
repeated in the same order, during every revolution. 
18 



206 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



QUESTIONS ON THE LESSONS. 

Eepeat the Ninth Rule. Explain Examples. 

When have passive verbs the same case after them as 
before them ? 

What case always follows the verb, To Be ? — Explain Ex- 
amples. 

Analyze the lessons, and apply the rules given. 

Words containing the sounds and combinations of Y, 
(consonant) : or, 
Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation , with Words for Dic- 
tation and Subjects for Composition. 
Y, with the Second Sound of A. 
yard yarn yard' -stick 

Y, with the Third Sound of A. 
yawl yawn yawn'-ing 

Y, with the Fourth Sound of A. 
yar'-row yam yan'-kee 

Y, with the First Sound of E. 
ye year'-ly yield' -ed 

year .yield yield'-er 

Y, with the Second Sound ofEt. 
yearn yel'-low-ish yest'-y 

yell yest yet 

yel'-low yes'-ter-day yelk 

Y, with the First Sound of Q 
yeo'-man yoke yolk 

yeo'-man-ry yo'-king yoke'-mate 

Y, with the Third Sound of U. 
you your' -self youth' -ful 

your youth yule 



EXERCISES ON ACTIVE, PASSIVE, AND NEUTER VERBS. 






ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 207 

RULE X. VERBS IN THE INFINITIVE MOOD. 

One Verb governs another that follows it, or depends upon 
it in the Infinitive Mood : as, Cease to do evil ; learn to do 
well. We should be prepared to render an account of our 
actions. 

The Infinitive Mood is frequently governed by Adjectives, 
Substantives, and Participles : as, He is eager to learn. She 
is worthy to be loved. They have a desire to improve. En- 
deavouring to persuade. 



RULE XI. — -PARTICIPLES. 

Participles have the same government as the verbs from 
which they are derived : as, I am weary with hearing him. 
She is instructing us. The tutor is admonishing Charles. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

W, (consonant) as lizard in Wealth. 
Wealth of the Ancients. 
In ancient times, silver and gold were more plentiful than 
in modern times. In the 22d chapter of the Book of Chroni- 
cles, we read that king David had prepared for the house of 
the Lord, " A hundred thousand talents of gold, and a mil- 
lion talents of silver, and brass, and iron, without weight." 
Solomon's yearly income was, from calculations made by good 
authority, 711,210,170 dollars ! which was more than a mil- 
lion a day. His commerce with Ophir, was over 20,000,000 
yearly. And we read that Haman offered to pay into the treas- 
ury 10,000 talents of silver, if the King of Persia would write an 
order for the destruction of the Jewish people, throughout the 
Persian empire. When Xerxes went into Greece, Pythian, the 
Lydian, had 2,000 talents of silver, and 4 million of gold 
darics. Plutarch tells us, in his life of Crassus, that after 
having dedicated one-tenth of all he had to Hercules, he en- 



SOS 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



tertained the Roman people, at 10,000 tables, and distributed 
to them as much corn as would last them three months, and 
then, had more than seven millions sterling left. Lentulus 
is said to have possessed more than 16 millions sterling. 
Anthony owed, at the Ides of March, over three millions 
sterling, which he paid before the Calends of April. 

QUESTIONS UPON THE LESSONS. 

Repeat Rule 10th. — Explain examples. 
How are Verbs in the Infinitive Mood governed ? — Explain 
examples. 

Repeat Rule 11th. 

Analyze the lessons, and apply the rules given. 

Words containing the sound of W (consonant) : or, 
Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Dic- 
tation and Subjects for Composition. 

W, with the First Sound of A. 



wa'-fer 


wake'-ful 


wast'-er 


wail 


wane 


wave 


wail'-ing 


ware 


wa'-ver 


wain 


ware'-house 


wa'-vy 


waist'-coat 


wa'-ri-ly 


way 


wait 


waste 


way' -ward 


wake 


waste' -ful 


way' -mark 


wai'-ter 


waste'-ful-ly 


way'-ward-ly 




W, with the Third Sound of A. 


walk 


want 


ward'-robe 


walk'-er 


war 


war' -fare 


wall 


war'-ble 


warm 


wal'-nut 


war' -bier 


warm'-ly 


wan'-der 


ward 


warmth 


wan'-der-er 


ward'-en 


war'-ning 


wan'-der-ing 


ward'-er 


warp 






ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



209 



war' -rant war'-ri-or wa'-ter 

war f -rant-a-ble wart wa'-te-ry 

war' -ran t-a-bly war' - worn war' -lock 

W, with the Fourth Sound of A. 



waft 




wag'-on-er 


wax' -en 


wag' -on 




wax 


wax'-ing 




% 


1 with the First Sound ofE. 


weak 




wear'-i-ness 


weed 


weak' -ling 




wear'-i-some 


week 


weak'-]y 




weave 


week'-ly 


weak'-ness 




weav'-er 


weep 


wear'-y 




wee 


weep'-er 


W, with the Second Sound of E. 


wealth 




wed' -ding 


well' -done 


wealth' -y 




wednes'-day 


well' -bred 


wealth'-i-ly 




weft 


well' -spent 


weap'-on 




wel'-come 


well'-spring 


weath'-er 




weld 


wend 


weath' -er-bea-ten 


wel'-fare 


west 


weath'-er-cock 




wel'-kin 


west' -ward 


weath'-er- wise 




well 


west'-ward-ly 


wed 




well'-be-ing 


wet 




W, with the First 


Sound of I. 


wide 




wild' -fire 


wind'-ing 


wide'-ly 




wild'-ly 


wind'-er 


wi'-den 




wile 


wipe 


wide'-ness 




wi'-li-Ly 


wise 


wife 




wi'-li-ness 


wise'-ly 


wight 




wi'-ly 


withe 


wild 




wind 


wi'-ry 


W, with the Second Sound of I. 


wick'-ed 




wick'-ed-ness 


wick'-et 


wick'-ed-ly 




wick'-er 


wid'-ow 


18* 









210 



GKAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



wid'-ow-er 


wind'-y 


wit 


wid'-ow-hood 


wing 


witch 


wil'-der-ness 


wink 


witch'-craft 


wil'-ful 


win'-ner 


with 


wil'-ful-ly 


win'-ning 


with'-al 


wil'-low 


win'-now 


with'-er 


wim'-bie 


win'-now-ing 


with-hold' 


wim'-ple 


wind' -pipe 


with-in' 


win 


win'-ter 


with-ouf 


wind 


win' -try 


wit' -less 


wind' -fall 


wis' -don- 


wit'-ness 


wind' -lass 


wish 


wit'-ti-ly 


wind' -mill 


wish'-ful 


wit'-ting-ly 


win'-dow 


wist 


wit'-ty 


wind' -ward 


wist'-ful 


wiz'-ard 


W 


, with the First Sound of 0. 


wo . 


wo'-ful-ly 


wove 


wo'-ful 


wore 


wo'-ven 


w, 


with the Second Sound of 0. 


wolf 


wood 


woof 


wolf'-ish 


wood' -en 


wool 


wo' -man 


wood' -land 


wool'-len 


wo'-man-hood 


wood'-man 


wool'-ly 


wo'-rnan-ly 


wood'-y 


wool' -sack 


woo 


woo'-er 


wood' -nymph 



EXERCISES. 

Use the fore-going words in composition, and apply the 
les given. 



RULE XII. PREPOSITIONS. 

Prepositions govern the Objective Case : as, I have heard 
a good character of her. From him that is needy, turn not 
away. A word to the wise is sufficient for them. We may 
be good and happy without riches. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 211 

RULE XIII. CONJUNCTIONS. 

Conjunctions connect the same moods and tenses of verbs, 
and the same cases of nouns and pronouns : as, Candour is 
to be approved and practised. If thou sincerely desire, and 
earnestly pursue virtue, she will assuredly be found of thee, 
and prove a rich reward. The master taught her and me, to 
write. He and she were school-fellows. 



RULE XIV. ELLIPSIS. 

An Ellipsis, or omission of words, is frequently admitted : 
but when this w r ould obscure the sense, weaken its force, or 
be attended with an impropriety, the w T ords must be ex- 
pressed : as, We are apt to love a who love us : the w r ord 
them should be written. Beautiful fields and trees, is not 
correct language : it does not convey the idea. It should 
be, Beautiful fields and fine trees — or, Beautiful fields and 
trees. 

LESSON FOR DICTATION AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 

H. ' 

Hieroglyphics (sacred carving.) 
These w r ere certain characters, or signs, made use of by 
the Egyptians and other Eastern nations, as signs of sacred, 
divine, or supernatural things. Hieroglyphics ' were figures 
of animals, parts of the human body, instruments, &c, which 
contained a meaning known only to the kings and priests. 
They also were used to express historical facts, and abound 
on the ancient monuments of Egypt. The great Obelisk, 
brought from Egypt to Rome, is full of such figures ; and 
they may be seen, on all the obelisks which have been found. 
Many curious hieroglyphical figures were engraved, on what 
is termed the Isiack Table ; a large black table, long pre- 
served at Rome, and at the sacking of that city, in 1525, it 



212 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

was found by a poor tradesman, and afterwards removed to 
Mantua, where it disappeared at the capture of that place. 
It had been previously engraved, and a plate of it is given in 
Montfaucon's Antiquities. 

QUESTIONS ON THE LESSONS. 

Repeat the Rule for Prepositions, and explain examples. 

Repeat the Rule for Conjunctions, and explain examples. 

What is an Ellipsis ? 

When must it not be used ? 

Analyze the lesson, and use the rules given. 

Words containing the sound of H : or, 

Exercises in the Elements of Pronunciation, with Words for Die* 

tation, and Subjects for Composition. 

H, with the First Sound of A. 



hale 




has'-ti-ly 


haze 


ha'-lo 




ha'-ven 


ha'-zel 


haste 




hay 


ha'-zy 


has'-ty 




hay-ma' -ker 


hail 




H, with the Second Sound of A. 


har'-oin-ger 




harm 


har'-mo-ny 


har'-bour 




harm/ -less 


harp 


hard 




har-mon'-ic 


harp'-er 


hard'-en 




har-mon'-ic-al 


har-poon' 


har -di-hood 




har-mo'-ni-ous 


har'-vest 


har'-dy 




har-mo'-ni-ous-ly 


haunt 




H 


with the Third Sound of A. 


hal'-berd 




haul 


haw'-ker 


hal-ber-dier' 




hawk 


haw' -thorn 


haugh'-ty 




haw' -berk 


haw'-ser 




H, 


with the Fourth Sound of A. 


ha-bil'-i-ment 




hab'-it-a-ble 


hab-it-u'-ai 


hab'-it 




hab-i-ta'-tion 


hack 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



213 



hack'-ney 


hap 


hap'-pi-ness 


hal'-cy-on 


hap-haz'-ard 


hap'-py 


hal-le-lu'-jah 


hap'-ly 


hav'-oc 


hal'-low 


hap' -pen 


haz'-ard 


ham' -per 


hap'-pi-ly 


haz'-ar-dous 


H, 


with the First Sound 


ofE. 


heal 


heed 


he-red' -it-a-ry 


heap 


heed'-ful 


here-in' 


hear 


heed'-ful-ly 


here-on' 


hear'-er 


heed'-less 


he-re' -si-arch 


hear'-ing 


heel 


he-ret'-i-cal 


hear' -say 


he-gi'-ra 


here-to' 


heat 


he-li'-a-cal 


here-with' 


heath 


here 


he'-ro 


hea'-then 


here-af'-ter 


he-ro'-i-cal 


heath' -y 


here' -by 


he-ro'-ic 


heave 






H ; 


i with the Second Sound ofE. 


head 


heb'-ra-ism 


her' -aid 


head' -land 


heb'-ra-ist 


herd 


head' -long 


hec-a-tomb' 


herds'-man 


head' -strong 


heft 


her'-e-sy 


head'-y 


helm 


her'-e-tic 


health 


hel'-met 


her'-i-ta-ble 


health' -ful 


help 


her'-i-tage 


health' -y 


help'-er 


her-met'-i-cal 


hearse 


help' -ful 


her-met'-i-cal-ly 


heav'-en 


help' -less 


her'-mit 


heav'-en-ly 


hem'-is-phere 


her'-mit-age 


heav' -en-ward 


hem-is-pher'-ic 


her'-o-ine 


heav'-i-ly 


hence' -forth 


her'-o-ism 


heav'-i-ness 


hence' -for-ward 


herse 


heav'-y 


hen-dec' -a-gon 


her'-self 


heb'-do-mal 


hep'-ta-gon 


hes'-i-tate 



214 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



hes-i-ta'-tion 


het-er-o-ge' -ne-ous 


hex-ag'-o-nal 


het'-er-o-dox 


hex'-a-gon 


hex-am' -e-ter 


H, 


with the First Sound 


of l. 


hide 


hi-e-rog'-ra-phy 


high' -way-man 


hi'-der 


hi-er'-o-phant 


hind 


hi'-e-rarch 


high 


hind' -most 


hi-e-rarch'-i-cal 


high' -flown 


hire 


hi'-e-rar-chy 


high' -land 


hire'-ling 


hi-e-ro-glyph'-ic 


high'-ly 


hive 


hi-e-ro-glyph'-i-ei 


il high'-ness 


hi'-ver 


H, 


with the Second Sound of I. 


hid'-e-ous 


hin'-der-ance 


his-to-ri-og'-ra-pher 


hid'-e-ous-ly 


hinge 


his'-to-ry 


hil'-ar-i-ty 


hip'-po-crass 


his-tri-on'-ic 


hill 


hip'-po-grif 


hit 


hil'-lock 


hiss 


hitch 


hil'-ly 


his-to'-ri-an 


hith'-er 


hilt 


his-tor'-ic 


hith'-er-most 


hin'-der 


his-tor'-ic-al-ly 


hith'-er-wards 


H 


with the First Souna 


lofO. 


hoar 


home' -born 


ho'-ping-ly 


hoar' -frost 


home' -bred 


ho'-ral 


hoard 


home'-ly 


ho'-ra-ry 


hoarse 


home'-made 


horde 


hold 


home'-spun 


ho-ri'-zon 


hol'-der 


home'-vvards 


ho-rog'-ra-phy 


hoi' -der- forth 


ho-mo-ge'-ne-al 


ho-rol'-o-gy 


hold' -fast 


ho-mo-ge'-ne-ous 


ho-rom'-e-try 


hold'-ing 


ho-mol'-o-gous 


ho-san'-na 


hole 


ho-mon'-y-my 


hose 


ho'-li-ly 


hope 


ho'-sier 


ho'-li-ness 


hope'-ful 


host 


ho'-ly 


hope'-ful-ly 


hos'-tel-ry 


home 


hope' -less 


host' -ess 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



215 



H, with the Second Sound of O. 



hood 


hoof-bound 


hook'-ed 


hood' -wink 


hoof'-ed 


hoop 


hoof 


hook 


hoot 




H, with the Third Sound ofO. 


horn 


hor'-ny 


hor-ta'-tion 


horn'-ed 


horse 


hor'-ta-tive 


hor'-net 


horse'-back 


hor'-ta-to-ry 


horn/ -pipe 


horse'-man 


horn'-stone 




H, with the Fourth Sound ofO. 


hob' -by 


hom'-i-ly 


hos'-pit-a-bly 


hob-gob'-lin 


hop 


hos-pi-tal'-i-ty 


hoi' -low 


hor-i-zon'-tal 


hos-pi-tal'-ler 


hol'-low-ness 


hor-i-zon'-tal-ly 


host' -age 


hol'-Iy 


hor'-o-loge 


hos'-tile 


hol'-o-caust 


hor'-o-scope 


hot 


hol'-o-graph 


hor'-ri-ble 


hot'-ly 


hol'-i-day 


hor'-rid 


hot-head' -ed 


hom'-age 


hor-rif'-ic 


hot'-spur 


hom'-i-cide 


hor'-ror 


hov'-el 


hom-i-ci'-dal 


hos'-pit-a-ble 


hough 




H, with the First Sound of U. 


hue 


hu-mane' -ly 


hu'-mid 


huge 


hu'-man-ize 


hu-mid'-i-ty 


huge'-ly 


hu-man'-i-ty 


hu-mil-i-a'-tion 


hu'-man 


hu'-man-ly 


hu-mil' -i-ty 


hu-mane' 


hu'-me-ral 






H, with the Second Sound of U. 


hulk 


hun'-ger 


hunts' -man 


hull 


hun'-gry 


hur'-dle 


hum 


hunt 


hur'-ri-cane 


hun'-dred 


hunt'-er 


hurt 


hun'-dredth 


hunt'-ress 


hus'-band 



216 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

hus'-band-ry husk hus-wife' 

hush husk'-ed hus-wif'-e-ry 

hush'-mo-ney hus'-ky hus'-tings 

H, with the Sound of Y as I. 

hy'-a-cinth hy-grom'-e-ter hy-pos'-ta-sis 

hy-a-cin' -thine hy-gro' -scope hy-po-stat'-ic-al 

hy'-dra by' -men hy-poth'-e-sis 

hy-drau'-lic hy-me'-ne-al hy-po-thet'-ic-al- y 

hy-drog'-ra-pher hy-me'-ne-an hyp-o-con-dri'-ac 

hy-drog'-ra-phy hymn hyp-oc'-ri-cy 

hy'-dro-mel hy-per' -bo-la hyp'-o-crite 

hy-drom'-e-ter hy-per-hol'-ic hyp-o-crit'-ic 

hy-drom'-e-try hy-per-bol'-ic-al-ly hyp-o-crit'-i-cal-ly 

hy-dro-pho'-bia hy-per-bo'-re-an hys'-sop 

hy-dro-stat'-i-cal hy-per-crit'-ic hys-ter'-ic 

hy-dro-stat'-ics hy-per-crit'-ic-al hys-ter'-ic-al 

hy'-e-na hy-per'-me-tre hys-ter'-ics 

EXERCISES. 

Use the fore-going words, in composition with other words, 
and apply the rules given. 






USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS. 

It is customary to begin with a capital, the first word of 
every book, chapter, letter, note, or any other piece of writing : 

The first word after a period, and, every independent sen- 
tence. 

The appellations applied to the Deity : as, God, Provi- 
dence, Messiah, &c. 

Proper names of persons, places, streets, officers : as, James, 
New-York, Pearl Street, Governor, &c. 

Adjectives derived from the proper names of places : as, 
Grecian, Roman, English, New-York, &c. 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 21? 

The first word of an example, after a colon : as, Always 
remember this ancient maxim, " Know thyself." 

Every substantive in the titles of books : as, Johnson's Dic- 
tionary of the English Language. Thomson's Seasons. 

The first word of every line in poetry. 

The pronoun I, and the interjection O : as, 1 write. 
may I always hear ! And when any word is remarkably 
emphatical, a capital may be used. 



PUNCTUATION. 

Punctuation is the art of dividing a written composition 
into sentences, or parts of sentences, by points, or stops, for 
the purpose of marking the different pauses, which the sense 
and an accurate pronunciation require. 

The Comma represents the shortest pause. 

The Semicolon, a pause double that of the Comma. 

The Colon, double that of the Semicolon ; and 

The Period double that of the Colon. 

THE COMMA. 

The Comma marks the shortest possible pause ; and sepa- 
rates nouns, adjectives, and verbs, used in the same construc- 
tion : as, The heart, mind, and manners, are all improved by 
education. 

When an imperfect phrase is used in a sentence, a Comma 
is placed at the beginning, and at the end of the phrase : as, 
I remember, with gratitude, all your kindness. 

When a conjunction is divided, by a phrase or sentence, 
from the verb to which it belongs, such phrase, or sentence, 
is marked by a Comma at each extremity : as, They set out 
early, and, before the close of the day, arrived at the destined 
place. 

19 



218 GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 

Relative pronouns are connective words, and generally ad- 
mit a Comma before them : as, He preaches sublimely, who 
lives a holy life. 

The omission of all words understood, but not expressed, 
is marked by a Comma : as, From law arises security ; from 
security, curiosity; from curiosity, knowledge, &c. 

The words, nay, so, hence, again, &c, are separated by a 
Comma : as, He feared want, hence, he overvalued riches. 

THE SEMICOLON. 

The Semicolon is placed between two phrases, when the 
latter depends upon the former : as, Straws swim on the 
surface ; but pearls lie at the bottom. 

THE COLON. 

The Colon is used after a sentence that may be explained 
by an illustrative remark : as, We should always sympathise 
with the afflicted : it is the lot of humanity to suffer. 

The Colon is used when an example, a speech, or a quota- 
tion is introduced : as, The Scriptures give us the best repre- 
sentation of the Deity, in these words : God is love. 

THE PERIOD. 

When a sentence is complete and independent, it is marked 
by a Period. 

The Period is also used after every abbreviated word : as, 
A.D., Anno Domini, the year of our Lord. P.S., for Post- 
script. 

A Note of Interrogation is used at the end of an interroga- 
tive sentence, that is, when a question is asked : as, Shall 
we always be friends ? Who will go with me ? 

The Note of Exclamation is used after expressions of grief, 
surprise, sorrow, &c. ; and after an interrogative expression 
to which an answer cannot be given : as, Who can compre- 
hend the greatness of the Supreme Being ! What is more 
lovely than Virtue ! 



ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 219 

EXERCISES ON PUNCTUATION. 

What is Punctuation ? 

By what mark is the shortest pause indicated ? 

What does the Semicolon mark ? 

What does the Colon mark ? 

What does the Period mark ? 

How are adjectives, nouns, &c, in the same construction, 
marked ? 

How is an imperfect phrase marked ? 

When a conjunction is separated from the verb to which it 
belongs, how is it marked ? 

How are relative pronouns marked ? 

How are elliptical expressions distinguished? 

How are emphatical adverbs pointed ? 

How is the Semicolon used ? 

How is the Colon used ? 

How is the Period used ? 

How is the Interrogation Point used ? 

How is the Exclamation Point used ? 

Examples to be required, with all the answers. 



APPENDIX. 

THE FORMATION OF THE PLURAL NUMBER OF NOUNS IN ENGLISH. 

Nouns are generally rendered plural, by adding s to the 
singular : as, dove, doves ; face, faces ; thought, thoughts. 

When the singular ends in x, ch soft, sh, ss, or s, we add es 
in the plural : as, box, boxes ; church, churches ; lash, lashes ; 
kiss, kisses ; rebus, rebuses. 

If the singular ends in ch hard, the plural is formed by 
adding s: as, monarch, monarchs ; distich, distichs. 

Nouns which end in 0, generally take es in the plural : as, 
cargo, cargoes ; echo, echoes ; hero, heroes ; negro, negroes ; 
manifesto, manifestoes, &c. The exceptions are folio, nuncio, 
punctilio, seraglio, which form their plural by adding s. 

Nouns ending inf, orfe, are rendered plural by the change 
of those terminations into ves : as, loaf, loaves ; half, halves ; 
wife, wives. Grief, relief, reproof, form the plural by adding s. 

Nouns which end in jf, have their regular plural : as, ruff, 
ruffs ; except staff, which makes staves in the plural. 

Nouns which have y in tho singular, with no other vowel 
in the same syllable, change it into ies in the plural : as, 
beauty, beauties ; fly, flies. The y is not changed when 
there is another vowel in the same syllable: as, key, keys; 
delay, delays. 

Some nouns, from the nature of the things they express, 
are used only in the singular form : as, news, wheat, pitch, 
gold, sloth, pride, &c. Others only in the plural form: as, 
bellows, scissors, lungs, riches. 

Some words are the same in both numbers : as, deer, sheep 
swine, means, &c. 






AP PENDIX. 




IRREGULAR PLURALS. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


Man 


men 


Woman 


women 


Alderman 


aldermen 


Child 


children 


Brother 


brothers or brethren 


Ox 


oxen 


Foot 


feet 


Goose 


geese 


Tooth 


teeth 


Louse 


lice 


Mouse 


mice 


Penny 


pence or pennies 


Die (for play) 


dice 


Die (for coining 


dies 



221 



It is a general rule, that all things weighed or measured, 
have no plural, for in them, not number, but quantity is re- 
garded ; as, wool, wine, oil. But when we speak of different 
kinds, we use the plural : as, the coarser wools, the richer 
wines, the finer oils. 



CONJUGATION OF THE PASSIVE VERB. 
A Passive Verb is conjugated by prefixing the verb To Be, 
through all its changes of number, person, mood and tense 
to the Perfect Participle of an Active Verb; as, 
Singular. Plural. 

I am loved, We are loved, 

I was loved, We were loved, 

I have been loved, &c. We have been loved, &c. 



222 



GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION. 



THE FORMATION OF THE GENDER OF NOUNS IN ENGLISH, 

The English Language has three methods of distinguish- 
ing the sex. 

First, by different words : as, 



Male. 


Female. 


Male. 


Female. 


Bachelor 


maid 


King 


queen 


Boy 


girl 


Lad 


lass 


Brother 


sister 


Man 


woman 


Father 


mother 


Nephew 


niece 


Husband 


wife 


Son 


daughter, &c 


Second, by 


different terminations : as, 




Male. 


Female. 


Male. 


Female. 


Abbot 


abbess 


Lion 


lioness 


Actor 


actress 


Poet 


poetess 


Benefactor 


benefactress 


Prophet 


prophetess 


Governor 


governess 


Songster 


songstress 


Heir 


heiress 


Tiger 


tigress 


Jew 


Jewess 


Widower 


widow, &c. 



Third, by a noun, pronoun, or adjective; being prefixed to 
the substantive : as, 

Male. Female. 

A man servant a maid servant 

A he goat a she goat 

A male child a female child, &c. 



165 92 



: y% ''W?> : s\ • 







k *0. A - * * 

' v 









*o 


















► • & 







► ^ A* "/v^ 
















> v -%. 



*l|0 



4^ «** 



••» ^ .cF .•*.•••_ P.. 










' .in 



















HECKMAN 
BINDERY INC. 

MAR 92 

N. MANCHESTER, 
^S^ INDIANA 46962 



7* c5>*V 01 < 




A°+ 



y -k* ~ * 




% 



*fc 



• -O 



